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Flashcards in Pathology Deck (66)
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1
Q

What are the 4 main stages in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2 and M

2
Q

What is the order of CDKs in the cell cycle

A

D, E, A, B

3
Q

What does retinoblastoma do?

A

Binds to E2f to stop cell division

4
Q

What happens in S phase

A

DNA replication

5
Q

At what stages can p53 cause cell arrest

A

G1/S - Main site

G2/M

6
Q

What does p53 cause if cell is faulty

A

Apoptosis

7
Q

Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number in response to a stimulus

8
Q

Example of physiological hyperplasia

A

Puberty - Breast tissue

Pregnancy - Hyperplasia of lining of uterus

9
Q

Example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Prostatic hyperplasia
Bleeding post menopause
Lymph node in response to infection

10
Q

True/ False.

Hyperplastic tissue is at risk of developing into cancer?

A

True

11
Q

Pathological hypertrophy?

A

In the heart - can result in heart failure

12
Q

Atrophy is?

A

Reduction in cell size or number

13
Q

Physiological atrophy?

A

Embryological structures - uterus

14
Q

Pathological atrophy?

A

Muscle wasting

Loss of blood supply

15
Q

Name the 5 clinical features of inflammation

A

Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Tumour (swelling), Loss of function

16
Q

Mediators of inflammation are short/long lived

A

Short

17
Q

Name the 4 consequences of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution
Suppuration (pus)
Repair, Organisation and Fibrosis
Chronic Inflammation

18
Q

What do consequences of inflammation depend on?

A

Site
Type
Duration

19
Q

What does pus contain

A

Neutrophils, bacteria and cellular debris

20
Q

What is deposited in granulation tissue?

A

Collagen and smooth muscle cells

21
Q

What cells are present in chronic inflammation

A

Lymphocytes

T cells, B cells and NK cells

22
Q

What happens when a cell can’t get enough oxygen?

A

Increased K+ and Ca2+ causes swelling.

Ca2+ activates ATPase causing a cascade and resulting in cell damage

23
Q

What is the time period of an MI where resolution can occur?

A

< 20 minutes

24
Q

When is the risk of cardiac rupture highest after an MI?

A

3-7 days

25
Q

Fibroblasts lay down collagen progressively after ___ weeks and is complete at ____ weeks

A

2, 6

26
Q

Atrophy is…

A

Reduction in cell size and number

27
Q

True/ False

Necrosis can be physiological and pathological?

A

False

Always pathological

28
Q

What happens in Coagulative necrosis

A

Cell outline is preserved and dead cells are consumed. Tombstone appearance.
Cardiac muscle

29
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Liquid viscous mass, no cell structure remains

Brain necrosis

30
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis

TB

31
Q

Physiological apoptosis

A

Formation of feet and hands in utero

32
Q

Pathological apoptosis

A

In response to injury, radiation, chemo, viruses, cancer

33
Q

What are the two mechanisms of necrosis?

A

Extrinsic (TNF) and Intrinsic (p53)

34
Q

What is neoplasia??

A

Abnormal cell growth that is NOT in response to a stimulus

35
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A swelling

36
Q

Dysplasia

A

Disordered cell growth NOT in response to a stimulus

37
Q

What makes a tumour malignant?

A

If it goes beyond the basement membrane and metastases

38
Q

Metaplasia is

A

Reversible change from one cell type to another

39
Q

Carcinoma in Situ is _____ that affects the __ ____

A

dysplasia, whole epithelium

40
Q

True/ False

Metaplastic epithelium is at risk of malignancy?

A

True

41
Q

What is the two hit hypothesis?

A

One working gene is enough to function. Two faulty copies to have a functional problem. Those who have inherited one faulty copy already are at increased risk.

42
Q

Name two viruses that increase your risk of cancers?

A

HPV - Cervical cancer

Epstein Barr - several tumours

43
Q

What are common mutations that cause sustained growth signalling?

A

Myc - promotes growth

P13K - commonly mutated kinase

44
Q

Name an anti-apoptotic molecule

A

Blc-2

45
Q

Name a molecule associated with angiogenesis

A

VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor

46
Q

What cancers does BRCA increase the risk of

A

Breast, ovarian and pancreatic

47
Q

What syndrome is MLH1 abnormal in

A

Lynch

48
Q

What cancer can Lynch syndrome cause

A

Colorectal (HNPCC)

49
Q

What helps in evasion of the immune system

A

Programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1)

50
Q

Cancer cells are all the same

True/ False

A

False

All from one cell but are different

51
Q

Name features of benign tumours?

A

No necrosis
Homogenous/ Symmetrical
NC ratio - normal

52
Q

Name some features of malignant tumours?

A

Necoris
Heterogenous/ pleomorphic
NC ratio - Increased

53
Q

Malignant neoplasm of the epithelium

A

Carcinoma

54
Q

Benign squamous neoplasia

A

Papilloma

55
Q

Mesenchyme tumours are …

A

Tumours of connective tissue

56
Q

Malignant lesions of connective tissue are called?

A

Sarcomas

57
Q

Lipo- means

A

Tumour of fat cells

58
Q

Osteo-

A

Tumour of the bone

59
Q

Chondro-

A

Tumour of cartilage

60
Q

Leiomy-

A

Smooth muscle

61
Q

Gliomas

A

CNS

62
Q

True/ False

Melanoma is a benign tumour

A

FALSE

Only -oma tumour that is malignant

63
Q

All tumours in the blood are malignant

True/ False

A

True

64
Q

Weight loss in cancer is known as

A

Cachexia

65
Q

Why do patients that have cancer lose weight?

A

Tumour uses energy for growth and secretes cytokines that result in increased metabolism

66
Q

What are paraneoplastic symptoms

A

Symptoms that are not directly related to the tumour but instead the hormones produced by the tumour