Pathological causes and clinical features if mitral and aortic valvular lesions

Question 1

Pathological cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 1

Rheumatic fever

Question 2

Pathological cause of mitral incompetence

Answer 2

Rheumatic fever
Dilation of mitral valve annulus
Papillary muscle fibrosis and dysfunction
Mucoid degeneration of valve cusps (prolapses)

Question 3

Pathological cause of aortic stenosis

Answer 3

Calcific degeneration

Rheumatic fever

Question 4

Pathological cause of aortic incompetence

Answer 4

Rheumatic fever
Dilation of aortic root
Some rheumatological disorders

Question 5

Clinical features of mitral stenosis

Answer 5

Pulmonary hypertension, left atrial and right ventricular hypertrophy
Opening snap and diastolic murmur

Question 6

Clinical features of mitral incompetence

Answer 6

Variable haemodynamic effects
Pansystolic murmur
Mid-systolic click and late systolic murmur in mitral prolapse

Question 7

Clinical features of aortic stenosis

Answer 7

Ejection systolic murmur
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Angina, syncope, left ventricular failure or sudden death

Question 8

Clinical features of aortic incompetence

Answer 8

Diastolic murmur

Wide pulse pressure, collapsing pulse, angina, left ventricular failure