Patho - Chapters 39,40,41,42 - Endocrine System Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Patho - Chapters 39,40,41,42 - Endocrine System Deck (109)
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0
Q

Hormones _____ and _____ are water soluable

A

Peptides (small proteins),

Catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine)

1
Q

Which catecholamines are water soluble?

A

Dopamine,
epinephrine,
norepinephrine

2
Q

These hormones travel freely in solution in the plasma, some are partially protein-bound

A

Water soluble hormones

3
Q

These hormones are unable to cross the plasma membrane to enter cells and must exert actions by binding to receptors located on the surface of target cell membranes

A

Water-soluble hormones

4
Q

____ and _____ hormones are lipid soluble hormones

A

Triiodothyronine (T3),

Thyroxine (T4)

5
Q

Examples of water soluble peptides

A
Angiotensin II,
Glucagon,
Oxytocin,
Insulin,
Parathyroid Hormone,
FSH,
Growth hormone,
LH,
Prolactin,
TSH
6
Q

These hormones bind outside of the cell. Once bound they cause a second messenger to become active within the cell.

A

Water soluble hormones

7
Q

These hormones are carried inside the cell as their receptors are within the cytoplasm. A combination of protein binding and fat solubility allows entry to the cell.

A

Lipid soluble hormones

8
Q

A _____ feedback loop is a mechanism for maintaining hormone activity within a normal range or set point of normal activity

A

Negative

9
Q

Physiologic hormone concentrations are _____ in most cases

A

Low

10
Q

Pharmacological hormone concentrations are _____ than normal

A

Greater

11
Q

When cells are exposed to high concentrations of hormone for a prolonged period, a common result is decreased number of receptors. This is called?

A

Down-regulation

12
Q

An increase in the number of receptors in response to chronically low hormone concentrations is called ?

A

Up-regulation

13
Q

When hormones increase the number of receptors for other hormones, and enhancing the effect of the second hormone it is called?

A

Permissiveness

14
Q

_____ allows cellular events to occur in sequence

A

Permissiveness

15
Q

______ work against or block

A

Antagonists

16
Q

_____ with with or binds

A

Agonist

17
Q

Medications that mimic hormone activity and are frequently given as hormone replacement therapy are _____

A

Agonists

18
Q

_____ compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for receptor sites are used to block cardiac stimulatory properties and decrease cardiac workload

A

Antagonists

19
Q

GH targets which organ?

A

Muscle,
Adipose,
Liver

20
Q

ACTH targets which organ?

A

Adrenal cortex

21
Q

TSH targets which organ?

A

Thyroid

22
Q

LH and FSH target which organs?

A

Gonads

Testosterone in the testes for me,
Estrogen,progesterone in ovaries for women

23
Q

Prolactin targets which organ?

A

Breasts

24
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior-pituitary gland

A
GH,
ACTH,
TSH,
LH,
FSH,
Prolactin
25
Q

The _______ regulates endocrine function of the anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin,

ADH

27
Q

Oxytocin targets which organ?

A

Breasts,

Uterus

28
Q

ADH targets which organ?

A

Kidneys,

Liver

29
Q

Lactotropes secrete ____

A

Prolactin

30
Q

Gonadotropins secrete ______

A

FSH,

LH

31
Q

Thyrotropes release ____

A

TSH

32
Q

Corticotrophes produce ______

A

ACTH

33
Q

____% of the circulating thyroid hormone is T4 and ____% is T3

A

90,

10

34
Q

______ is released in response to increased serum osmolality and decreased blood pressure

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

35
Q

What are the neurocrine hormones?

A

Oxytocin,

ADH

36
Q

Idiopathic = ?

A

Unknown

37
Q

Neoplastic = ?

A

Tumor

38
Q

Iatrogenic = ?

A

Unintentional side effect

39
Q

What are the side effects to decreased thyroid hormone?

A
Weakness, 
lethargy, 
cold intolerance, 
bradycardia, 
decreased metabolic rate
40
Q

What is the treatment for decreased thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism)?

A

Oral levothyroxine

41
Q

What are the side effects for increased thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)?

A
Heat intolerance, 
elevated temperature, 
tachycardia, 
rhythm abnormalities, 
restlessness, 
confusion
42
Q

What is the treatment for increased thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)?

A

Beta blockers,

Radioactive iodine

43
Q

_____ disease is a result of decreased cortisol

A

Addison

44
Q

What are the early signs of Addison disease?

A
Anorexia, 
Weight loss,
Weakness,
Malaise,
Apathy
45
Q

_____ syndrome is a result of too much cortisol

A

Cushing

46
Q

What are the manifestations of Cushing syndrome?

A
Moon face,
Truncal obesity,
Thin skin,
Impaired wound healing,
Dorsocervical fat pad (buffalo hump)
47
Q

______ may lead to decreased potassium

A

Hyperaldosteronism

48
Q

Excess Catecholamine results in ??

A

Headache,
Tachycardia,
Diaphoresis

49
Q

Excess of growth hormone in adults is called ______

A

Acromegaly

50
Q

Excess of growth hormone in children is called ______

A

Gigantism

51
Q

Manifestations of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism are related to excessive amounts of serum ______

A

Calcium

52
Q

Endocrine diseases characterized as hyper esponsive or clinically similar to hyposecretion of hormones but are due to _______ ______

A

Tissue resistance

53
Q

In primary hypothyroidism, the circulating level of thyroid stimulating hormone will be _______

A

Increased

54
Q

Are unique feature of graves disease is protrusion of the eyeballs, called ________

A

Exophthalmos

55
Q

In adrenocortical deficiency, the most severe manifestations are related to in adequate quantities of the hormone ______

A

Cortisol

56
Q

Water soluble hormones produced there a fact by binding to cell membrane receptors that produces these within the cell?

A

Secondary messengers

57
Q

Chemical signals secreted by want to sell that affected adjacent cell

A

Paracrine

58
Q

Hormones synthesized here travel via nerve axons to the posterior pituitary gland for release

A

Hypothalamus

59
Q

Lipid soluble hormones, like thyroid hormone, must be attached to these to be transported in the blood

A

Proteins

60
Q

Farm onset are look at soluble and are derived from cholesterol are known as ______

A

Steroids

61
Q

Cortisol is an example of a hormone who’s release Gary’s over 24 hour period, called a ______ pattern

A

Circadian

62
Q

This circulating thyroid hormone must be converted to its active form to be biologically active

A

T4

63
Q

Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus stimulates hormone secretion from the _______

A

Anterior pituitary

64
Q

The primary mechanism by which most hormone levels in the blood are controlled is ________

A

Negative feedback

65
Q

Drugs that block dopamine activity are likely to increase the secretions of_____

A

Prolactin

66
Q

Which hormones are expected to raise blood glucose

A

Growth hormone,
cortisol,
epinephrine

67
Q

What is the enzyme that synthesizes thyroid hormones

A

Thyroid peroxidase

68
Q

The primary negative feedback for the release of corticotropin releasing hormones is _____

A

Cortisol

69
Q

The portal vein transports releasing factors from the hypothalamus to the _______

A

Anterior pituitary

70
Q

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by ______

A

Hypernatremia

71
Q

Hypothyroidism manifestations include ____

A

Non-Pitting edema

72
Q

A patient with hyperparathyroidism would be likely to present with _____

A

Kidney stones

73
Q

Potential life-threatening finding in hypoparathyroidism is ______

A

Laryngospasm

74
Q

What kind of hormone is cortisol, the body’s primary glucocorticoid

A

Catabolic

75
Q

Findings associated with primary adrenal insufficiency/Addison disease include ______

A

Hypovolemia

76
Q

Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of sodium and water as well as excretion of potassium by the kidneys. What other hormone also produces these effects?

A

Glucocorticoid hormone

77
Q

Pheochromocytoma is rare, life-threatening disease characterized by _____

A

Profound hypotension

78
Q

Conn syndrome is characterized by _____

A

Primary excess of aldosterone

79
Q

A sign of diabetic nephropathy is _____

A

Microalbuminuria

80
Q

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed when to fasting blood glucose samples are found to be greater than or equal to _____ mg/dL

A

126

81
Q

Exercise for a patient with type two diabetes room may result in decreased ____

A

Insulin resistance

82
Q

______ is a major concern when hyperglycemia is severe as a result of diabetes complications in children

A

Dehydration

83
Q

Parathyroid glands secrete ______ hormones

A

Parathyroid

84
Q

_______ glands/hormones have a role in monitoring and managing serum calcium levels

A

Parathyroid

85
Q

Decreased levels of parathyroid hormone are typically related to _____

A

Surgery

86
Q

Excess amounts of parathyroid home on result in ?

A
Hypercalcemia, 
kidney stones, 
bone demineralization, 
osteoporosis, 
pathologic fractures
87
Q

The ______ secretes Antidiuretic hormone

A

Posterior pituitary

88
Q

The _______ is a role in fluid regulation of blood concentration (osmolality)

A

Posterior pituitary

89
Q

Insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone result in ?

A

Diabetes insipidus,
dilute urine,
fluid deficit,
serum hyperosmolality

90
Q

Lexus antidiuretic hormone results in?

A

Water retention, concentrated urine, weakness, muscle cramps, fatigue, lethargy

91
Q

What is the treatment for insufficient antidiuretic hormone?

A

Vasopressin and free access to fluids

92
Q

What is the treatment for excess amounts of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Water restriction

93
Q

ADH decreases _____

A

Urine flow

94
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A
Decreased specific gravity, 
decrease osmolarity, 
hypovolemia, 
increased thirst, 
tachycardia, 
decreased blood pressure
95
Q

What is the nursing care for diabetes insipidus

A
Monitor fluids, 
replace fluids, 
neuro status, 
vital signs, 
mucous membranes
96
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
Hair loss, 
lethargy, 
dry skin, 
muscle aches and weakness, 
constipation, 
intolerance to cold, 
receding hairline, 
facial and eyelid edema, 
brittle nails and hair
97
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
Intolerance to heat, 
fine straight hair, 
irritability increased, 
goiter, 
tachycardia, 
increased blood pressure, 
weight loss, 
increased diarrhea, 
bulging eyes
98
Q

What are the three S’s of the adrenal gland hormones

A

Sugar (glucocorticoids),
salt (mineralocorticoids),
sex (androgens)

99
Q

What is the blood sugar mnemonic

A

Hot + dry = sugar high,

cold + clammy = need some candy

100
Q

What does the TIRED mnemonic related to hypoglycemia

A
Tachycardia
Irritable
Restless
Excessive hunger
Diaphoresis depression..
101
Q

What are the increased risks for those with diabetes mellitus

A
Heart disease, 
end-stage renal failure, 
blindness, 
amputation, 
pregnancy complications
102
Q

Those with diabetes mellitus have _____ extracellular fluid than within cells

A

More

103
Q

_____ is the sympathetic response to hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon

104
Q

_____ adds glucose to blood

A

Glucagon

105
Q

________ helps glucose leave the body

A

Insulin

106
Q

Macrosomia=______

A

Big baby

107
Q

With which type of diabetes is diabetic ketoacidosis (no insulin) present

A

Type 1

108
Q

Non-ketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome

A

Some insulin is present metobolic acidosis