Arterial pressure controls?
Renal-body fluid system
In the renal-body fluid system, increased ECF will cause?
Arterial pressure to rise
Renal-body fluid system, in response to kidneys will?
Excrete excess ECF
The degree of shift of the renal output curve for water and salt is known as?
Determinants of long term arterial pressure
Increased total peripheral resistance will not create a long term elevation of of BP if?
Fluid intake and renal function don’t change
In the kidney, afferent arterioles supply the glomerular capillaries where?
Filtration takes place
Efferent arterioles drain the glomerular capillaries which give rise to peritubular capillaries where?
Reabsorption takes place
Specialized peritubular capillaries associated with juxtamedullary nephron’s is called?
Vasa Recti
When the ECF levels rise, the arterial pressure?
Rises
The kidneys excrete more fluid, thus bringing the pressure?
Back to normal
Acute renal output curves have the effect of?
Arterial pressure alone
Chronic renal output curves have the effect of arterial pressure plus?
SNS + Renin-angiotensin system Aldosterone ADH ANP
What hormones decrease renal blood flow?
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Angiotensin II
What hormones increase renal blood flow?
Prostaglandins E and I
What monitors NaCl in the macula densa of the distal tubule?
Tubuloglomerular Feedback
Decreased NaCl in the macula densa will cause renin to be released from?
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Increased renin will increase angiotensin II levels which will increase?
Efferent Arteriole resistance
Decrease NaCl in the macula densa also causes?
Dilation of afferent arteriole
The renin-angiotension-aldosterone system provides the source of?
Renin
What synthesizes, stores and releases renin?
Smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles
Renin is stimulated by?
Decreased perfusion pressure
SNS
Decreased NaCl to macula densa (distal tubule)
Hormonal Stimulation
What hormones stimulate renin?
Thyroid Hormone
Growth Hormone
Renin is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of?
Angiotensin I (10 AA) from Angiotensinogen (liver)
What occurs primarily in the lung via angiotensin converting enzyme associated with pulmonary endothelium?
Angiotensin 1 –> Angiotensin II
What are the functions of angiotensin II?
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
Stimulates release of ADH/Vasopressin
Stimulates kidney
The net effect of the functions of angiotensin II is?
decrease Na+ and H2O which increase BP
Angiotensin II will also stimulate thirst/drinking behavior at the level of the?
Hypothalamus
When you tie off one renal artery you can develop?
Systemic Hypertension
Systemic hypertension elevates?
Renin and Angiotensin II
When you tie off one renal artery you don’t develop?
Uremia
When you tie off one renal artery and remove kidney you don’t develop?
Hypertension or Uremia
When you tie off one renal artery and remove both kidney’s you develop both?
Hypertension and Uremia
Hypertension generated by tying off a renal artery is called?
Goldbaltt Hypertensive Model
In one kidney variety, what is initially high?
Renin
In the two kidney model, the renin from the constricted kidney causes?
Fluid retention of the good kidney
Slow breathing (6/min) will increase?
Arterial baroreflex sensitivity
What are the beneficial effects of slow breathing in CHF patients?
Increase resting O2 saturation
Improve ventilation/perfusion mismatching
Improve exercise tolerance by decreasing sensation of dyspnea
What are also beneficial effects of slow breathing in CHF patients?
Decrease chemoreflex activation
Decrease sympathetic activity
Decrease SBP and DBP
Nitric oxide from endothelium relaxes?
Smooth muscle
Nitric oxide is rapidly inactivated by?
Superoxide Radical
What allows nitric oxide effect to be longer lasting and slow lowers BP?
Increasing antioxidants will reduce the number of free radicals
What are some examples of antioxidants?
Glutathione
Melatonin
Vitamin A,C,E
Selenium
Serotonin may act at the CNS to inhibit?
Reflex SNS activation
Nitric oxide may act centrally to inhibit?
Sympathetic Nerve Activity
Nitric Oxide may promote?
Bradycardia
Hypotension
In the fetus there is no need for pulmonary circulation since the placenta is the fetal organ of gas exchange and therefore?
Pulmonary Blood Flow is minimal
There is blood flow to the placenta via?
Umbilical Arteries (branch of anterior iliac artery)
Blood returns to the fetus from the placenta via?
Umbilical Veins
What are the fetal shunts?
Ductus Arteriosis
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Venosus
The ductus arteriosis passes blood from the pulmonic trunk to the?
Aorta
The foramen ovale passes blood from?
R atrium to L atrium
The ductus venosus passes blood from?
Portal V and Umbilical V to IVC
The ductus arteriosis and foramen ovale allow blood to?
Bypass Lungs
Ductus venous allows umbilical and portal blood to?
Bypass Liver
The oxygen saturation of umbilical blood is?
80%
Oxygen saturation in fetal blood of the IVC is?
67%