part 3c Flashcards

1
Q

what are more natural antimicrobials?

A

natamycin, lactoferrin, carnobacterium maltaromaticum

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2
Q

what is macrolide?

A

antibiotic produced by bacterium that contains macrocyclic lactone ring

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3
Q

natamycin produced by bacterium _____ and industrially produced by ____

A

streptomyces natalensis; fermentation

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4
Q

natamycin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

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5
Q

phys properties of natamycin?

A

white/off-white solid, tasteless/odourless, very heat/pH stable, not very water sol

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6
Q

what is activity spectrum of natamycin?

A

yeasts and moulds

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7
Q

mech of action for natamycin?

A

incorporation into cyto mem–>pore formation and cell leakage and/or ergosterol binding (loss of essential membrane enzyme functions)

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8
Q

natamycin is an ___, and has limited ____ agent activity

A

antimicotic; antimicrobial

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9
Q

food uses for natamycin?

A

North America, cheese surface treatment ; EU bakery/dairy, processed meats, wine
-also topical drug for eye infection and for med devices

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10
Q

how come 40ppm (which is greater than natamycin’s water solubility) allowed in wine?

A

alcohol improve solubility in wine

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11
Q

what is lactoferrin?

A

glycoprotein found naturally in milk/dairy, produced by lactic acid bacteria

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12
Q

what bacteria is lactoferrin active against?

A

both gram neg and pos!

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13
Q

approved uses for lactoferrin:

A

surface spray for uncooked beef carcasses

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14
Q

perks of lactoferrin?

A

promote cell growth, antioxidant properties

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15
Q

what is CB1?

A

facultative anaerobe present naturally in enviro (soil)

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16
Q

CB1 produces ____ that are active against ____

A

bacteriocins; Listeria monocytogenes (gram positive)

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17
Q

CB1 approved for use as:

A

surface spray for vacuum packaged wieners and sliced meats (ready to eat)

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18
Q

what is protamine?

A

highly positively charged (arginine rich) protein, not very acidic, temp stable under 35 degrees

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19
Q

major source of protamine?

A

fish sperm

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20
Q

protamine activity spectrum?

A

gram pos and neg, yeasts, moulds

21
Q

mech of action for protamine?

A

binds to cyto mem, result in rapid leakage

22
Q

how does protamine work as drug?

A

used in combo with insulin to improve longevity, reduce flu-like symptoms of taking insulin

23
Q

what does HAMLET stand for?

A

human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells

24
Q

what is HAMLET?

A

human milk-protein lipid complex isolated from breast milk

25
Q

how is HAMLET an adjuvant?

A

works in conjunction with antimicrobial agent by increasing sensitivity

26
Q

how does HAMLET work to increase antimicrobial sensitivity?

A

alpha-lactalbumin + oleic acid complex has strong interaction with cyto cell wall to increase sensitivity to antimicrobial agents

27
Q

how is HAMLET an answer to resistant strain concerns?

A

broad spectrum antimicrobial activity as adjuvant

28
Q

examples of plant antimicrobials?

A

citral (citrus), carvacrol (oregano), thymol (thyme) with antimycotic, gram + and - activities

29
Q

how get plant antimicrobials?

A

pressing/extraction (crude mix)

30
Q

what are antimicrobials from animals?

A

chitosan, lysozyme

31
Q

what is chitosan?

A

polysacc isolated from exoskeleton of arthropods with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity

32
Q

chitosan is hydrolysate of ___ which is second most common in the world

A

chitin

33
Q

what is lysozyme?

A

protein isolated from egg white, active against gram + pathogens

34
Q

why is pH activity range not optimal for lysozyme?

A

most active 6-9, but most food is <5

35
Q

lysozyme approved for use in ___ for Canada, also in ___ for EU

A

cheese; wine

36
Q

is lysozyme temp stable?

A

yessss

37
Q

mech of action for lysozyme and chitosan?

A

cyto wall destruction

38
Q

___ not approved for food use in Canada, but ___ has GRAS

A

chitosan; lysozyme

39
Q

examples of antimicrobials from microorg:

A

pediocin, others produced by lactobacilli species

40
Q

what is pediocin?

A

bacteriocin isolated from pediococcus acidilactici

41
Q

phys properties of pediocin?

A

water sol, active over wide pH range, active against gram positive

42
Q

what are CAPs?

A

cationic antimicrobial peptides; produced from protein isolates via protease treatment

43
Q

what is activity spectrum of CAPs?

A

bacteria, fungi, molds, viruses

44
Q

how is CAPs effective against viruses?

A

hydrolyze phospholipid coat

45
Q

what is antimicrobial design?

A

consider gram + and -, note cell wall is neg. charged (N-AMA), 12-50 aa size, amphiphilic, cationic, flexible (alpha helix), bind to create pores in cell mem *control hydrophobicity, charge

46
Q

what is intelligent/smart packaging?

A

based on chem compound response (typically colour) to changes in pressure, temp, pH, O2/CO2, electrochem, moisture, etc.

47
Q

how does thermochromic cap work for coffee?

A

as temp changes, expansion happens and crystals change structure and reflect light diff.

48
Q

why not see smart packaging much?

A

not consumer driven, cost, reliability, stability, liability

49
Q

why liability issues?

A

leakage into foods, false pos. or neg.