part 2a

Question 1

what is clean label platform?

Answer 1

reduce number of ingredients in foods, promote natural ingredients, focus on front on package info

Question 2

benefits of food additives?

Answer 2

safer food supply, more nutritious food supply, wider choice of food products, lower prices

Question 3

why safer food supply?

Answer 3

antimicrobials, antioxidants, sulfites

Question 4

what do antimicrobials do?

Answer 4

prevent/delay food poisoning

Question 5

what do antioxidants do?

Answer 5

delay development off flavours/odours; inhibit formation toxic comps

Question 6

what do sulfites do?

Answer 6

inhibit non-enzymatic browning and formation of potential carcinogenic comps

Question 7

why more nutritious food supply?

Answer 7

slow/stop destruction nutritionally important food comps, replace of xs cals, ^ shelf life and food quality, ^ nutr by adding nutrients

Question 8

examples wider choice food products?

Answer 8

convenience, diet restriction, out of season available all year

Question 9

country with >40% income spent on food?

Answer 9

Pakistan

Question 10

what are risks of food additives?

Answer 10

direct toxicological effects: almost all insufficient sci data prove absolute safety, health effects of combos, food additive-food component complexes

Question 11

what is food additive toxicology?

Answer 11

study of adverse effects of chem present in foods on living orgs

Question 12

intensity of bio response depends on _____ of comp

Answer 12

dose and purity

Question 13

what are dose response experiments?

Answer 13

pop. of orgs subjected to range of doses of chem compound over defined time period–>produce response vs. dose graph, plot NOAEL values

Question 14

what is NOAEL?

Answer 14

highest exposure lvl of comp resulting in no detectable toxic effect in animals

Question 15

how determine NOAEL?

Answer 15

subchronic/life-span studies

Question 16

what are the diff kinds of toxic effects?

Answer 16

carcinogen, mutagen, teratogen

Question 17

What is delaney clause?

Answer 17

chem intended for consumption by humans not permitted for use if induce tumours when adminstered at any concentration to humans or animals (impossible–delaney paradox)

Question 18

what is compromise version of delaney clause?

Answer 18

reasonable certainty of no harm standard

Question 19

compound produced during manufacture of caramel colours/flavours (maillard reaction)

Answer 19

4-methylimidazole

Question 20

where 4-methylimidazole found?

Answer 20

coke

Question 21

what is california proposition 65?

Answer 21

businesses must provide clear reasonable warning if product cause person be exposed to listed carcinogen/teratogen–>found in pretty much all foods–>paradox

Question 22

what is california proposition amendment?

Answer 22

exemption for naturally occuring toxicants in foods (1/100 000)

Question 23

what are allergens?

Answer 23

cause allergenic (immune mediated) response

Question 24

examples of consumer driven labelling:

Answer 24

allergy, vegetarian/vegan

Question 25

what is food intolerance?

Answer 25

non-immune mediated responses to chem compounds in foods

Question 26

what are 4 subcategories of food intolerance?

Answer 26

metabolic, pharmacologic, toxic, idiopathic

Question 27

what is metabolic?

Answer 27

lactose intolerance, PKU

Question 28

what is pharmacological?

Answer 28

adverse rxn to med

Question 29

what is toxic?

Answer 29

poisoning (like strychnine)

Question 30

what is idiopathic?

Answer 30

MSG, synthetic food colourants, sulfits (cause is unknown)

Question 31

why allergen epidemic?

Answer 31

hyper hygiene, food processing conditions, food adulteration, lack of education, psych distress, human mvmt/immigration

Question 32

indirect risks of food additives?

Answer 32

^ availability and low cost food with little nutrition

Question 33

examples of industry/government response?

Answer 33

cut daily calories by 1.5 trillion by 2015, sugar tax/ban ads, cut 20% sugar, portion size reduction by about 10% for ready to serve