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FABS 323 > Part 10a > Flashcards

Part 10a Flashcards

1
Q

digestive enzymes that are secreted by SI to partially hydrolyze proteins

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin

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2
Q

prob of trypsin/chymo inhibitors?

A

as anti-nutritional factors, have risk of reducing dietary protein digestibility, contributing to nrg reduction and reduced bioavailability of essential a.a., possible toxicity

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3
Q

where are T/C inhibitors found?

A

seeds of grain legumes (pulse/oilseed legumes), barley, squash, peanut, corn, potato

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4
Q

functions of protease inhibitors in plants?

A

storage protein, defense mech against insects and herbivores

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5
Q

how to inactivate these inhibitors?

A

moist heat treatments (100 degrees for 3-10 min), plant breeding and gene engineering to reduce lvls of these–>dry heat NOT effective

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6
Q

toxicity of protease inhibitors?

A

reduced N and S absorb, reduce bioavailability, reduce GR, protein malnutrition, induce pancreatic hypertrophy, possible pancreatic cancer

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7
Q

benefits of protease inhibitors?

A

genetically engineered into plants as biological control agent, and anti-carcinogenic (block ROS form, deprive cancer cells of a.a.)–>breast cancer treatment?, provide additional nutr value when denatured , role in AIDS treatment

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8
Q

how does virus in AIDS become active?

A

thru aspartic acid protease

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9
Q

also known as lectins, these are plant glycoproteins found in lots of seeeds, veg, fruit, virus, bacteria, moulds

A

hemagglutinins

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10
Q

what is role of hemagluttinins?

A

not known, maybe in insect resistance, CHO storage, translocation

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11
Q

how to inactivate hemagluttinin?

A

moist heat treatment

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12
Q

toxicity of hemagluttinin?

A

resistant to stomach acid, bind to CHO in RBC–>agglutination–>anemia, kidney failure, bind to intestinal epithelial cells and interfere with nutr absorption, destroy villi, abnormal G and D, lesions permit intestinal bacteria to enter blood

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13
Q

how is agglutination diff from clotting?

A

remain fluid, but hit kidney and can’t filter

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14
Q

type of hemagglutinin used as poison

A

ricin (castor beans)

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15
Q

glycoproteins that inhibit activity of mammalian alpha amylase in SI

A

amylase inhibitors

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16
Q

what does alpha amylase do?

A

it hydrolyzes starch to produce gluc and maltose, which are readily absorbed

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17
Q

amylase inhibitors found in:

A

kidney beans

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18
Q

amylase inhibitors used as:

A

dietary suppplement for wt loss, GI lowering, diabetes treatment

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19
Q

fxn of amylase inhibitors in plants?

A

insect resistance, impede starch digestion

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20
Q

how to inactivate amylase inhibitors?

A

moist heat treatment

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21
Q

prob of amylase inhibitors?

A

reduce bioavailability of important nrg for humans (v growth, organ wt changes (liver and pancreas)

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22
Q

benefits of amylase inhibitors?

A

genetically engineered into plants as bio control agents to combat insect damage

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23
Q

sulfur containing carbs contained in cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, radish, mustard, rapeseed, turnips, brussels sprouts

A

glucosinates (thioglucosides)

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24
Q

toxicity of glucosinates?

A

breakdown products are goitrogens

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25
Q

what is goitrogens?

A

comps that cause ^ thyroid–>goitre, can’t make hormone properly

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26
Q

toxicity of nitriles?

A

acute toxicity (HCN)–>inhibit cytochrome oxidase required in e- transport–>organ damage; also bind to glutathione which inhibits ROS removal from cells; hemorrhaging and necrosis of adrenal cortex

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27
Q

toxicity of isothiocyanates?

A

goitrogenic, inactivate enzymes in CHO metabolism path, react with sulfhydryl groups on proteases and make them inactive; cancer?

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28
Q

____ isothiocyanate is a teratogen

A

allyl

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29
Q

benefits of isothiocyanates?

A

phytochemical to inactivate carcinogens and protect cells from DNA damage, anti-inflammatory/antiviral/antibacterial, treat insomnia?

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30
Q

toxicity of toxic a.a.?

A

enzyme inhibition as “suicide substrates”–>reduced cell transport of essential chem comps, probs with protein synth, help toxins move across BBB, reproductive disorders

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31
Q

why is safety of free range questionable?

A

toxic a.a.s concentrated in seeds of forage grains/legumes–>transferred to humans when consume animal tissue

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32
Q

examples of toxic a.a.?

A

mimosine (like tyrosine) and canavanine (like arginine)

33
Q

toxicity of beta-cyanoalanine

A

iathyrogen–>neurolathyrism (neuro disorder)–>musc rigid, crippling paralysis, death

34
Q

Brazil nuts have lots of these toxic a.a.

A

selenocysteine and selenomethionine

35
Q

selenium poisoning characterized by:

A

severe hemolytic anemia, kidney/liver/heart damage

36
Q

benefits of “toxic’ a.a.?

A

anti-tumor (disrupt mitosis), treat Parkinson’s (not beta-cyanoalanine), antiox (mimosine–phenolic), antimicrobial that is broad spectrum by impairing protein synth

37
Q

group of chem comps that may release HCN upon metabolism/decomp

A

cyanogens

38
Q

cyanogens naturally present in many plant species as _____

A

cyanogenic glucosides

39
Q

example of cyanogen found in cassava?

A

linamarin

40
Q

cyanogens found in almonds

A

amygdalin/laetrile

41
Q

how does cyanogenesis occur?

A

reactants come in contact only after phys. disruption of cells by bruising/cutting

42
Q

cyanide has strong affinity for ____ which causes disrupt cell resp–>death

A

cytochrome oxidase

43
Q

secondary metabolites derived from a.a. (basic or aromatic), like lysine/ornithine; tryptophan

A

alkaloids

44
Q

alkaloids found in about ___% of all plants

A

40

45
Q

toxicity of alkaloids?

A

strong anticholinesterase activity–>block Ach breakdown–>bradychardia; disrupt mem fxn in GI tract (lesions, hemorrhage, death); disrupt mitosis (growth, mutations, cancer); resp depression; cardiac arrest; neuromusc blockage (numb, weak)

46
Q

___ is 15% morphine

A

latex

47
Q

example of alkaloids in green potatoes?

A

solanine

48
Q

characteristics of solanine?

A

limited water sol, heat stable, cholinesterase inhibitor and causes GI lesions, ingestion symptoms include diarrhea, drowsy, vomiting

49
Q

example of alkaloids found in peel of green tomatoes

A

tomatine (glycoalkaloid)

50
Q

common alkaloid in coffee?

A

caffeine

51
Q

Denmark eat lots of ___

A

chocolate!

52
Q

what is acute lethal dose of caffeine?

A

10g

53
Q

what is caffeinism?

A

> 500mg/day–>restless, anxious, irritable, musle tremor, insomnia, headache, GI probs

54
Q

caffeine blocks _____ receptors that is necessary for slowing down (breaking action, sleep and proper oxygenation)

A

adenosine (CNS)

55
Q

benefits of caffeine?

A

increased alert, vigilant, vigour, mood improve

56
Q

example of alkaloid in chocolate?

A

theobromine (very structurally similar to caffeine–just methyl grp)

57
Q

secondary plant metabolites synth thru acetate and shikimate pathways–>Phe and Tyr, naturally occuring polyphenolic comps with molecular mass 300-3000

A

tannins

58
Q

catechins and epicatechins found in:

A

fruits, tea, red wine, chocolate

59
Q

what is most abundantly consumed phenolic?

A

quercitin

60
Q

hydrolyzable tannins contain a central ____ + polyphenols

A

carbohydrate (usually D-glucopyranose) covalently linked to gallic acid residues

61
Q

what are condensed tannins?

A

don’t contain CHO moiety (most abundant form in nature)

62
Q

example of condensed tannins?

A

proanthocyanidins, lignin (abundant cuz of stability)

63
Q

toxicity of tannins?

A

cross link with proteins/DNA/RNA–>structure change cause fxn change; carcinogenic; reduced wt gain and egg production (reduced protein absorption); digestive enzyme inhibition

64
Q

physical removal of tannins?

A

dehulling of grains

65
Q

chem treatment of tannins?

A

steam/alkali treatment (prob of nutrient destruction, colour formation, off flavour)

66
Q

tannin functions in plants

A

repaire damaged tissue, chem defense (metabolic arrest, cell div inhibition)

67
Q

why repair damaged tissue?

A

prevent microbial growth and insect infestation, reduce water loss, animals don’t like astringent taste (rough, dry, chalky)

68
Q

tannins used to help:

A

gut health, antimicrobial for vag health, immune boost, liver health, ^ vision, wrinkle relaxer

69
Q

tannins found in this important food crop

A

sorghum

70
Q

benefits of sorghum:

A

cals, nutr, antioxidant

71
Q

limitations of sorghum:

A

rich in tannins, poor essential a.a. content esp. lysine

72
Q

sorghum used for:

A

porridge, unleavened bread: major processing step is boiling–>used as ethanol and animal feed for US

73
Q

new method for evaluating protein quality

A

DIAAS

74
Q

how reduce tannins ?

A

genetic engineering

75
Q

triterpenes (C30) that are norm covalently linked to CHO (glycoalkaloid) that exhibit foaming/emulsifying properties (surface active agent)

A

saponins

76
Q

saponins found in:

A

asparagus, beets, peanuts, potatoes, spinach, legumes

77
Q

toxicity of saponins:

A

powerful haemolyzing agents (RBC, liver, kidney necrosis)–>GI probs, vomit, cramps, fever, jaundice, paralysis, teratogen

78
Q

possible benefit of saponins?

A

; readily excreted intact cuz not absorbed, so possible toxic comp removal? Not issue in humans really

79
Q

other naturally occuring toxic comps in foods?

A

gossypol, sesamol, eugenol, coumarin

FABS 323 (14 decks)

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