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Flashcards in Pain and Oedema Deck (19)
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1
Q

Define oedema 2

A
  1. Commonly known as swelling
  2. accumulation of fluid: cells/ interstitial spaces
2
Q

How is oedema classified? 4

A
  1. Pathophysiological mechanism
  2. Location
  3. Clinical finding
  4. Organ specific
3
Q

Describe the location classification of oedema 2

A

Oedema can either be:

  1. Generalized: cardiac, hepatic, renal or endocrine
  2. localized: venous, lymphatic, angioedma or allergy/inflammation
4
Q

Describe the clinical finding classification of oedema 2

A

Oedema can either present with:

  1. Pitting (liver, kidney or heart)
  2. Non-pitting (lymphatic system or thyroid)
5
Q

Describe the organ specific classification 1

A

When oedema is organ specific we term it ascites (brain, lung, peritoneum)

6
Q

Describe how hydrostatic pressure results in oedema

A

Fluid within the blood vessels causes water to filter out into the tissue

7
Q

Describe how oncotic pressure results in oedema

A

Proteins draw water back into the blood vessels

8
Q

What does oedema result from? 5

A
  1. Decreased cappillary/plasma oncotic pressure/ colloid osmotic pressure
  2. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  3. Increased tissue/interstitial oncotic pressure
  4. Increased capillary permiabiliity
  5. Inadequate lymphatic drainage
9
Q

In the pathophysiology of oedema, describe increased hydrostatic pressure 3

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
  2. No fluid reabsorption
  3. Oedema
10
Q

In the pathophysiology of oedema, describe decreased oncotic pressure 4

A
  1. Reduced albumin synthesis in liver or malnutrition
  2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
  3. increased movement into tissue (osmosis)
  4. Oedema
11
Q

In the pathophysiology of oedema, describe lymph obstruction 6

A

Impaired lympatic drainage because of:

  1. Radical mastectomy
  2. pressure on lymph ducts
  3. inflammation of lymphatics
  4. occlusion of lymphatics
  5. malignancy
  6. Milroy’s disease

Lymph oedema

12
Q

In the pathophysiology of oedema, describe sodium and water retention 4

A
  1. Hypovolaemia
  2. Renal vasoconstriction: renin-aldosterone/ ADH
  3. Renal retention of sodium and water
  4. Oedema
13
Q

In the pathophysiology of oedema, describe inflammation 4

A
  1. Injury/ tissue damage
  2. increased tissue permeability to proteins
  3. decreased oncotic pressure
  4. oedema
14
Q

List the pathophysiological mechanisms that cause oedema 5

A
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. decreased oncotic pressure
  3. lymph obstruction
  4. sodium and water retention
  5. inflammation
15
Q

List the types of oedema 10

A
  1. peripheral
  2. pedal
  3. pulmonary
  4. cerebral
  5. angioedema/ allergic reaction
  6. heriditary angioedema
  7. papilledma
  8. macular edema
  9. dependant edema
  10. scrotal edema
16
Q

What are the causes of edema? 10

A
  1. medication
  2. excessive salt intake
  3. menopause and pregnancy
  4. malnutrition
  5. burn
  6. heat
  7. diseases: kidney, heart, lungs, liver and brain
  8. diabetes
  9. allergies
  10. obstructive sleep apnea
17
Q

What is done to diagnose oedema? 7

A
  1. Blood tests
  2. liver function tests
  3. heart function tests
  4. venous ultrasonography
  5. lymphoscintigraphy
  6. urine tests
  7. chest xrays
18
Q

Fill out the oedema assesment table 8

A
19
Q

List the treatments of oedema 7

A
  1. Diuretics
  2. decrease salt intake
  3. anticoagulant therapy
  4. oxygen
  5. compression stocking
  6. body position: elevation
  7. exercise/ massage/ electrotherapy