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Flashcards in Oxygenation Deck (27)
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1
Q

What is the term that refers to how well the cells, tissues, and organs of the body are supplied with oxygen?

A

oxygenation

2
Q

What is respiration?

A

exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen through the alveolar and capillary membranes

3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

movement of air into/out of the lungs

4
Q

What is lung compliance and what things decrease it?

A

ease of lung inflation

decreased by: edema, loss of surfactant, or disorders causing the replacement of elastin with collagen

5
Q

What is lung elasticity and what things decrease it?

A

elastin fibers return to their original position

decreased by: emphysema inhibits deflation

6
Q

What is external respiration?

A

alveolar capillary gas exchange occurring in the lungs

7
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

capillary tissue gas exchange occurring in the organs and tissues

8
Q

How do chemoreceptors affect oxygenation?

A

detect pH, O2, and CO2 and send messages to medulla to increase ventilation when pco2 rises

9
Q

What do lung receptors do to affect ventilation?

A

sensitive to breathing patterns, lung expansion, lung compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory irritants

10
Q

What factors affect pulmonary function?

A
  • growth and development (RDS, URI, adolescent smoking, cardiac insufficiency)
  • environment (stress, allergies)
  • lifestyle (nutrition, exercise, substance abuse, pregnancy, smoking)
  • medications (respiratory depressants)
11
Q

What does smoking do to the pulmonary system?

A
  • constricts bronchioles
  • increases fluid secretion into airways
  • paralyzes cilia
12
Q

What are some upper respiratory infections?

A
  • cold (nonspecific virus)
  • rhinosinusitis (inflammation of nasal and sinus)
  • pharyngitis (sore throat, strep)
  • influenza (often involves lower airways)
13
Q

What are some lower respiratory infections?

A
  • respiratory syncytial virus (upper and lower airways, severe in the young and old)
  • acute bronchitis (infection of bronchi leads to coughing and airway obstruction, yellow/green sputum is bacterial and nonproductive is viral)
  • tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur anywhere in the body)
14
Q

How to assess oxygenation status?

A
  • breathing pattern
  • respiratory effort
  • sputum samples, tb test
  • pulse oximetry
  • capnography
  • spirometry
  • ABGs
  • Peak flow monitoring
15
Q

What does saO2?

A

the arterial blood oxygen saturation

-percentage of hemoglobin carrying oxygen

16
Q

What does capnography measure?

A

co2 in inhaled and exhaled air

-indirectly measures the partial pressure of co2 in arterial blood

17
Q

What are po2 and pco2?

A

po2- amount of oxygen available to combine with hemoglobin

pco2- amount of co2 dissolved in the blood (normal 35-45mmHg)

18
Q

What is peak flow and why is it used?

A

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate measures the amount of air that can be expelled with force
-used for patients with asthma to detect changes before symptoms occur

19
Q

What are nursing diagnosis that relate to oxygenation?

A
  • ineffective airway clearance
  • ineffective breathing pattern
  • impaired gas exchange
  • impaired spontaneous ventilation
  • dysfunctional ventilatory weaning response
  • risk for aspiration
20
Q

What medications are used for respiratory problems?

A
  • bronchodilators
  • corticosteroids
  • cough suppressants
  • expectorants
  • decongestants
21
Q

Who is incentive spirometry used most for?

A
  • risk of developing atelectasis or pneumonia
  • abdominal, chest, or pelvic surgery
  • prolonged bedrest
22
Q

What are some low-flow oxygen-delivering systems?

A

-nasal cannula
-simple face mask
rebreather mask

23
Q

What are some high-flow oxygen-delivering systems?

A
  • able to reach 100% oxygen concentration
  • venturi mask
  • aerosol face mask
  • face tent
  • tracheostomy collars
24
Q

Best way to obtain a sputum sample?

A
  • on arising in morning
  • rinse mouth
  • breathe deeply
  • cough, not spit
25
Q

Who is an oropharyngeal airway for? How to measure?

A
  • unconscious bc it can trigger gag in pts awake

- front of teeth to jawline can be used to find correct size

26
Q

Who is a nasopharyngeal airway for?

A
  • semiconscious

- flexible rubber tube inserted through nostril into pharynx

27
Q

When is suctioning appropriate?

A
  • when the pt is too weak to generate a productive cough

- can be oral or nasal, most patients prefer oral