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Flashcards in Outline of Cancer Process Deck (37)
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1
Q

What are the 4 words to describe cancer?

A

Mass
Tumour
Growth
Neoplasm

2
Q

What is the description of carcinoma?

A

Disorderly growth of cells (usually epithelial) which invade adjacent tissue and spread by the lymphatics and blood vessels.

3
Q

What does monoclonal mean?

A

Arise from a single cell.

4
Q

What % of cancers are lung cancer?

A

22

5
Q

What will be seen under the microscope in cancer?

A

Lots of dividing cells with irregular nuclei, at different stages of mitosis.

6
Q

What stages can cells go to in G1 stage?

A

S

G0

7
Q

What are G0 cells?

A

Non-proliferating cells

8
Q

How do you differentiate between cancer cells and normal cells?

A

Cancer: loss of contact, increase in growth factor, increase in oncogene, loss of tumour suppressor genes
Normal: oncogene rare, intermittent growth factors, presence of tumour suppressor genes

9
Q

What is the process of preclinical cancer?

A

Carcinogen
Initiation
Promotion
Tumour growth

10
Q

What occurs during clinical cancer?

A

Progression

11
Q

What power of 10 is cancer detectable at?

A

9

12
Q

What power of 10 is cancer fatal?

A

12

13
Q

What are the 3 causes of initiation?

A

Chemical
Physical
Viral

14
Q

What are the 2 causes of promotion?

A

Growth factors

Oncogenes

15
Q

What is the cause of progression?

A

Metastasis

16
Q

What 3 cancers can be caused by chemicals in alcohol and smoking?

A

Lung
H&N
GI

17
Q

What cancer is caused by Hep B?

A

Liver

18
Q

What do oncogenes represent?

A

A gain in function to transformed cells.

19
Q

What are growth factors?

A

Polypeptide molecules

20
Q

What do growth factors stimulate?

A

Activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways.

21
Q

What are the 2 types of stimulation?

A

Autocrine

Paracrine

22
Q

What happens during autocrine stimulation?

A

Cell carries receptor and secretes GF, escapes normal control.

23
Q

What happens during paracrine stimulation?

A

GF’s acting on cell are produced locally by cell or neighbour.

24
Q

What is an example of tumour suppressor genes?

A

P53

25
Q

What is the normal function of p53?

A

Promotes DNA repair

Induces apoptosis

26
Q

What is p53 induced by?

A

DNA damage

27
Q

Is metastasis random?

A

No

28
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Cascade of limited sequential steps.

29
Q

Where does tumour invade form?

A

Basement membrane

30
Q

What does the tumour invade after moving into ECM or connective tissue?

A

Blood vessels

31
Q

What 3 enzymes are involved in invasion of ECM?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases
Plasmin
Cathepsin

32
Q

What 3 enzymes are involved in invasion of cell adhesion?

A

Cahedrins
Integrins
CD44

33
Q

Why do blood vessels need to be formed for a tumour?

A

To allow it to grow greater than 2mm in diameter.

34
Q

What is necessary for angiogenesis?

A

Degradation of ECM

35
Q

What does anti-VEGF antibody prevent?

A

Interactions with receptors

Activation of downstream signalling pathways.

36
Q

Why can cancer cells hide from T-cells?

A

Ligand for T lymphocytes are on tumour cells and the interaction suppresses T cell action.

37
Q

What side of the T-cell is PD1 on?

A

Inhibition