Outcome measures

Question 1

T/F most measurements are directly observable

Answer 1

False

we can measure only a correlate of the actual property

Question 2

Biomarker

Answer 2

objective, quantifiable characteristics of biological process.

Question 3

surrogate endpoint

Answer 3

substitute for clinically meaningful endpoint

Question 4

Match Terms:
Reliability, Validity

Accuracy, Consistency

Answer 4

Reliability = Consistency

Validity = Accuracy

Question 5

Correlation

Answer 5

the degree of association between 2 sets of data

draw scatter plot to visualize

correlation coefficient (r) to quantify it

Question 6

Test-Retest reliability

Answer 6

consistency of repeated measurements that are separated in time

stability of a measurement

Question 7

Intrarater reliability

Answer 7

consistency of repeated measurements by same PT at different times

Question 8

Interrater reliability

Answer 8

Consistency of repeated measurements by multiple PTs.

Question 9

Internal consistency

Answer 9

Consistency over multiple items or parts in a test, where each part is supposed to measure one concept

Question 10

Face validity

Answer 10

does the content of the test appear to be suitable to its aims?

Question 11

content validity

Answer 11

is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?

Question 12

construct validity

Answer 12

does the test measure the concept that it is intended to measure?

Question 13

Dichotomous scale

Answer 13

categorical
two point scale
yes/no, T/F

Question 14

5 point Likert scale

Answer 14

ordinal
5 point scale
always/often/sometimes/rarely/never

Question 15

Visual Analog Scale

Answer 15

• continuous
• line with verbal anchors at either end
• put mark at point corresponding to rating

Question 16

Performance Based outcome measurement

Answer 16

when patient is required to perform a set of functional tasks

FIM

Question 17

Self reported outcome measurement

Answer 17

when patient is required to complete a questionnaire

Owestry Low Back Pain Disability Index (ODI)

Question 18

Error Parameters

Answer 18

quantify errors in measurements

not as widely reported as reliability or validity

important to determine amount of error associated with patient’s outcome measure

Question 19

Standard error of measurement

Answer 19

amount of variability that can be attributed to measurement error

Question 20

Minimal detectable change

Answer 20

minimal change a patient must show on scale to ensure that the observed change is real

Question 21

Clinical Utility Considerations

Answer 21

appropriateness of test for application

precision of test to accurately change measure

interpretability of the test to individual’s situation

acceptability of test to individual

time and cost of administering the test

Question 22

Cohen’s kappa

Answer 22

a measure of agreement between to categorical variables

Question 23

PR(o)

Answer 23

probability of relative observed agreement

Question 24

Pr(e)

Answer 24

probability of expected agreement just by chance among 2 examiners

Question 25

Interpretation of Cohen’s Kappa

Answer 25

decimal between 0 and +1
 \+1 = perfect agreement
0 = no agreement
0-.4 = poor
.4-.75 = fair to good
.75-1 = excellent

Question 26

Which reliability doesn’t use kappa or correlation coefficient to check?

Answer 26

internal consistency

it uses Cronbach’s alpha

Question 27

Confirmatory factor analysis

Answer 27

investigates construct validity

how well measurement represents the number of constructs

Question 28

Cluster Analysis

Answer 28

investigates construct validity

statistical procedure used to classify a group of subjects on the basis of a set of measured variables into a number of different groups