Orientation to the Human Body (Ch. 1)

Question 1

What are the 6 levels of structural organization of an organism?

Answer 1

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. Organ system level
6. Organism level

Question 2

Negative vs. positive feedback systems

Answer 2

Negative goes towards homeostasis

Positive feedback ramps up until it hits a breaking point

Question 3

Elements of a homeostatic control system

Answer 3

Receptor
Control Center
Effector (Response)

Question 4

Afferent vs. efferent pathways in the maintenance of homeostasis

Answer 4

Afferent is going TO the control center, and efferent is going TO the effector
Receptor –> AFFERENT –> Control Center –> EFFERENT –> Effector (response)

Question 5

Superior (cranial)

Answer 5

Towards the head/upper part of a structure or body

Question 6

Inferior (caudal)

Answer 6

Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a body; below

Question 7

Anterior (ventral)

Answer 7

Front (towards stomach)

Question 8

Posterior (caudal)

Answer 8

Behind (towards tail)

Question 9

Medial

Answer 9

Towards the midline

Question 10

Lateral

Answer 10

Away from the midline

Question 11

Intermediate

Answer 11

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure, e.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

Question 12

Proximal

Answer 12

Closer to the point of origin/attachment of a limb

Question 13

Distal

Answer 13

Farther from the point of origin/attachment of a limb

Question 14

Superficial (external)

Answer 14

Towards the surface

Question 15

Deep (internal)

Answer 15

Away from the surface/towards the core

Question 16

Sagittal plane

Answer 16

Divides into L/R

Vertical plane

Question 17

Median/midsagittal plane

Answer 17

Divides equally into L/R

Question 18

Parasagittal plane

Answer 18

Divides unequally into L/R

Para - near

Question 19

Frontal/coronal plane

Answer 19

Divide body into anterior and posterior (front/back)

Question 20

Transverse/horizontal plane

Answer 20

Divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

Horizontal plane

Question 21

Oblique sections/planes

Answer 21

Made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes

Rarely used - confusing to interpret

Question 22

Dorsal body cavity - what does it do, and what are the 2 sections?

Answer 22

Protects nervous system organs
2 parts:
1) cranial cavity
2) vertebral/spinal cavity

Question 23

Ventral body cavity - what does it do, and what are the 2 major sections?

Answer 23

Ventral cavity houses the viscera (internal organs)
2 parts:
1) Thoracic cavity
2) Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 24

What are the parts of the thoracic cavity?

Answer 24

Lateral pleural cavities (each envelops a lung)
Medial mediastinum (contains the pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart, and the other thoracic organis (esophagus, trachea, etc.)

Question 25

What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 25

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 26

Abdominal cavity - contents

Answer 26

Contents: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.

Question 27

Pelvic cavity - contents

Answer 27

Contents: Urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Question 28

What is the membrane that lines the ventral body cavity, and what are its two walls called?

Answer 28

Serous membrane lines the ventral cavity
Deep wall = visceral serosa (hugs the viscera)
Superficial wall = parietal serosa
Separated by serous fluid

Question 29

What are the abdominopelvic regions?

Answer 29

Down the core:
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

Down the sides:
L/R Hypochondriac
L/R Lumbar
L/R Iliac/inguinal

Question 30

What are synovial cavities?

Answer 30

Joint cavities