Organic 6: Addition Reactions of Alkenes Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Organic 6: Addition Reactions of Alkenes Deck (39)
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1
Q

Addition

A

reaction in which a reagent X-Y adds to a multiple bond so that X becomes attached to one of the carbons of the multiple bond and Y to the other

2
Q

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

alkenes commonly described as this because they have the capacity to react with substances that add to them

3
Q

Saturated hydrocarbons

A

alkanes commonly described as this because they are incapable of undergoing addition reactions

4
Q

Hydrogenation

A

addition of H2 to a multiple bond

5
Q

Heat of hydrogenation

A

heat evolved on hydrogenation of a substance; it is the value of -delta H (degree) for the addition of H2 to a multiple bond

6
Q

Heterogeneous reactions

A

reactions involving a substance in 1 phase with a different substance in a 2nd phase

7
Q

Syn addition

A

describes the stereochemistry of reactions such as hydrogenation in which 2 atoms or groups add to the same face of a double bond

8
Q

Anti addition

A

when atoms or groups add to opposite faces of the double bond

9
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

mechanism of addition in which the species that 1st reacts with the multiple bond is an electrophile (“Electron seeker”)

10
Q

Markovnikov’s Rule

A

when an unsymmetrically substituted alkene reacts with a hydrogen halide, the hydrogen adds to the carbon that has the greatest number of hydrogens, and the halogen adds to the carbon having fewer hydrogens

11
Q

Scientific method

A

defines science with 4 elements - observation, law, theory, and hypothesis

12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a bond cleaved by reaction with water

13
Q

Hydration

A

addition of the elements of water (H, OH) to a multiple bond

14
Q

Microscopic Reversability

A

in any equilibrium, the sequence of intermediates and transition states encountered as reactants proceed to products in one direction, and in precisely the reverse order, in the opposite direction

15
Q

Le Chatelier’s Principle

A

a system at equilibrium adjusts so as to minimize any stress applied to it

16
Q

Spontaneous

A

a reaction that proceeds with a decrease in free energy (change in G is less than 0); the “official” definition: a process in which the entropy of the universe increases

17
Q

Free Energy (G)

A

the available energy of a system

18
Q

Exergonic

A

reactions for which the sign of delta G is negative

19
Q

Endergonic

A

reactions for which the sign of delta G is positive

20
Q

Hydroboration-oxidation

A

reaction sequence involving a separate hydroboration stage and oxidation stage; in the hydroboration stage, diborane adds to an alkene to give an alkylborane; in the oxidation stage, the alkylborane is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give an alcohol; the reaction anti-Markovnikov, syn hydration of an alkene

21
Q

Retention of configuration

A

stereochemical pathway observed when a new bond is made that has the same spatial orientation as the bond that was broken

22
Q

Vicinal

A

describing atoms or groups attached to adjacent atoms; in the case of a ____ dihalide, on adjacent Carbons

23
Q

Bromonium ion

A

a halonium ion in which the halogen is bromine

24
Q

Chloronium

A

a halonium ion in which the halogen is chlorine

25
Q

Halonium ions

A

a species that incorporates a positively charged halogen; bridged ___ ___ are intermediates in the addition of halogens to the double bond of an alkene

26
Q

Vicinal halohydrins

A

a compound containing a halogen and a hydroxyl group on adjacent carbons

27
Q

Peroxide effect

A

reversal of regioselectivity observed in the addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes brought about by the presence of peroxides in the reaction mixture

28
Q

Epoxides

A

3-membered rings that contain oxygen

29
Q

Epoxidation

A

conversion of an alkene to an epoxide, usually by treatment with a peroxy acid

30
Q

Ozonide

A

a compound formed by the reaction of zone with an alkene

31
Q

Ozonolysis

A

ozone-induced cleavage of a carbon-carbon double or triple bond

32
Q

Dimer

A

molecule formed by the combination of 2 identical molecules

33
Q

Monomer

A

the simplest stable molecule from which a particular polymer may be prepared

34
Q

Polymer

A

a high-molecular weight material comprising a large number of monomer subunits

35
Q

Cationic polymerization

A

a polymerization in which the reactive intermediates are carbocations

36
Q

Polyethylene

A

a high-molecular weight polymer of ethylene

37
Q

Free-radical polymerization

A

an alkene polymerization proceeding via free-radical intermediates

38
Q

Coordination polymerization

A

a method of addition polymerization in which monomers are added to the growing chain on an active organometallic catalyst

39
Q

Polypropylene

A

a polymer of propene

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