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Health geographies > Opioid > Flashcards

Flashcards in Opioid Deck (9)
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1
Q

What is health?

A

Health: ‘individual and collective bodily self-determination’ that ‘positively animates freedom’
Loyd, 2012

2
Q

Who are the victims of the opioid crisis?

A

Age - young mentally ill people with a ready supply (ie from a parent or personal prescription)
Geographically - minority communities prescribed the most, but have the lowest service provision (esp. New Hampshire) - $10,000 for 28 day retreat
Bag of OxyCotin costs $80 but heroin $10

3
Q

Who are the Sackler family?

A

Sackler family own Perdue Pharma - worth $14 billion
Marketed in 1996, over 200,000 people died since
Made their fortune by marketing the drug
Glazek, 2017

4
Q

What is the opioid crisis?

A

Hansen, 2012

  • States with the highest prescription rates are the states which have seen the most economic decline
  • Opioids are the largest selling class of drugs in the world, with the US consuming 80%
  • From 1999-2011 opioid consumption increased by 500% (Kolodny et al, 2015)
  • Addiction is defined as the continued use of a drug despite negative consequences (Angres, 2008)
5
Q

What was the rise of the opioid crisis?

A
  • First opioid prescribed in 1996 with claims only less than 1% risk of addiction (Van Zee, 2009)
  • Several states reported increases in prescription abuse of 500% in the first 5 years opioids were released
  • Patients with pre-existing drug habits found they could crush the pill and inject or snort the contents for a heroin-like rush
  • Prescription opioid abuse was associated with the white middle class
  • Pharmaceutical company who released the drug (Purdue Pharma) had to pay a fine of $600 million, despite earning $3 billion in profits in 2009 alone
6
Q

How can the opioid crisis be historicised?

A

Crisis is history repeating - crisis in late C19 due to prescriptions, Chinese immigrants smoking it, soldiers using it for war wounds (Kolodny et al, 2015)
- From 1997-2011 there was 900% increase in people seeking treatment for addiction to OPRs

7
Q

Why was there such a rise in opioid use?

A

Highly addictive
Pressure to relieve chronic pain (Dasgupta et al, 2018):
- people live longer, survive diseases (ie cancer), survive complex surgeries, and more obesity
- very accessible and cheap (Dasgupta et al, 2018)

8
Q

Benefits of the crisis

A

Weiner et al, 2017

Increase in organ donors - 27% of donors in 2016 were opioid deaths

9
Q

What is pain?

A

Wailoo, 2016
Hard to articulate, share, communicate - personal and subjective experience
- So many different types of pain, therefore hard to define and measure
- Pain raises questions of compassion for suffering, citizenship, belonging and social welfare (Rosenberg, 1962)
- When pain becomes highly politicized, the question of whose pain matters also takes on political meanings