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Psych/Soc > OChem Class 2 > Flashcards

OChem Class 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 phases in chromatography

A

Stationary Phase - substance that supports mixture & allows compounds to be retained
Mobile phase - fluid that carries mixture of compounds to be separated

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2
Q

What is chromatography?

A

Pass mobile phase along stationary phase which allows compounds to be distributed between them

The greater the affinity/interaction a compound has with stationary phase, the longer it’s retained

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3
Q

Size-exclusion chromatography

A

Separates based on molecular size
Mobile phase - is the aqueous phase that helps dissolve proteins (aqueous buffer)
Stationary Phase - inert, porous beads

Large compounds don’t go through beads so elute first, small compounds take longer path by going through beads so elute last

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4
Q

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

A

Analytical technique (tests small amounts)
- separates small amounts of solids or high boiling point liquids
Stationary Phase - silica gel which is polar and forms H-Bond to compounds
Mobile Phase - shallow solvent bath (usually contains ethyl acetate : heptane ration)

Non-polar compounds have weaker interactions because less affinity to gel so migrate faster. Polar compounds have stronger interactions because of H-bonds with gel so migrate slower

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5
Q

Rf Value

A

Rf = migration distance of the spot / migration distance to solvent front

Rf is never negative or greater than 1
Larger Rf = non-polar compounds

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6
Q

Non-polar compounds consist of

A

alkenes, aromatics

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7
Q

Polar compounds

A

H-bond acceptors

ketones, ester, ether, alkyl halides

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8
Q

Highly polar compounds

A

H-bond donors

alcohol, carboxylic acid, amines

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9
Q

Column Chromatography

A
  • similar to TLC except separates larges amounts of solids or high boiling point liquids (based on polarity)
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10
Q

High performance liquid chromatography

A

-Same principles as TLC & Column chromatography (separates based on difference in polarity)

Normal HPLC:
Stationary phase - polar (Silica Gel)
Mobile phase - non-polar (ethyl acetate : heptane)
- non polar elutes first

Reverse HPLC:
Stationary phase - nonpolar (Silica Gel capped with large hydrocarbon)
Mobile phase - water:methanol
- polar elutes first

A pump will push the solvent through the column at a much higher pressure which provides quality separation (better purity)

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11
Q

Ion exchange chromatography

A

Separates based on differences in charge (+,-, or neutral)
- Separates proteins, nucleotides, amino acids

Stationary phase- resin containing anionic/cationic groups with counter-ions
Mobile phase- buffered solution (helps maintain pH)

Anion-exchange resin: retain anions (resin itself is cationic)
Cation-exchange resin: retain cations (resin itself is anionic)

Eg. Cation-exchange resin
Anions flush out first while cations attach to the resin, then to flush out cations you put in excess of cations to displace & elute it

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12
Q

Affinity Chromatography

A
  • Separates based on highly specific lock & key interactions
  • used to separate proteins from blood serum or cell lysate

Stationary phase - small particles of resin linked to ab-binding protein

  1. Add antibody to serum that’s against protein of interest added
  2. Stationary phase (G°) added, binds to ab and now have trimeric compound; protein of interest is in solid phase now
  3. Bead complexes collected by centrifugation; supernatant and solid particles form pellet
  4. supernatant decanted
  5. To elute target protein, add competitive ab-binding protein to have greater affinity so protein of interest can elute alone
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13
Q

Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography

A

Stationary Phase - nickel based resin inside the column
Mobile phase - cell lysate which includes multiple proteins

  1. The protein of interest is tagged with histadine amino acids
  2. Histidine has amidizole rings which has a high affinity for Nickel cation
  3. To elute the protein of interest, lower the pH bc amidizole if weakly basic
  4. Then add large volume of amidizole which will outcompete the amidizole component
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14
Q

Gas Chromatography

A

Mobile Phase - gas stream
Stationary phase - liquid absorbant that lines the column

  • Separates based on differences in volatility/bp
  • Used to separate small amounts of low bp compounds
  1. Compound mixture is heated to vaporize before entry into column
  2. less volatile (high bp) will stick to column while lower BP exit first
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15
Q

Gas Chromatograph

A

Provides information about:

  1. # of compounds in mixture equal to # of peaks
  2. relative quantity of each compound from peak area
  3. volatility/bp of compounds
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16
Q

Distillation

A
  • separates differences in bp

- separates large amounts of low bp compounds

17
Q

Volatility

A

Tendency of molecule to convert to gas

18
Q

Boiling Point

A

Measure of intermolecular forces between liquid molecules

19
Q

Factors that affect BP

A
  1. IMF (the more IMF = the higher the BP)
  2. Branching (the more branches = lower the BP)
  3. Molecular weight (the heavier the molecule = the higher the BP)
20
Q

Simple vs Fractional distillation

A

Simple

  • component BP differences are > 30°C
  • remove impurities from a relatively pure liquid

Fractional

  • component BP differences are <30°C
  • useful for separating diastereomers
21
Q

Simple distillation

A
  1. Boil the liquid and it boils through tube

2. Goes through vaporization, liquid with lower bp will condense back to liquid phase & collect in other flask

22
Q

Fractional distillation

A
  1. Compound mixture is boiled and the tube has packing material to increase SA. High SA allows for vaporization, condensation, revap, condense, etc
  2. More volatile will move up the glass and vaporize and condense back to liquid in second flask
  3. Meanwhile, the less volatile portion will make contact with solid and go back to liquid in original flask
23
Q

Solvent Extraction

A

Separates compounds based on differences in solubility in polar/non-polar solvents

Solubility Rules:

  1. Like dissolves like
  2. Compounds with 5 or less carbons and a polar group are water soluble
  3. Charged functional groups are more soluble in water than organic solvents
24
Q

Acidic functional groups

A

carbonyls (pKa 20) < alkyl alcohols (pKa 15) < phenol (pKa 10) < carboxylic acid (pKa 5) < amine (basic functional group - pKa 10)

25
Q

Extraction Conditions

A
  1. Aqueous NaHCO3 (weak base); ONLY deprotonates carboxylic acid
  2. Aqueous NaOH (strong base); ONLY deprotonates carboxylic acid and phenols (*Alkyl alcohols are not acidic enough to be useful in extractions because you need approx 10 M NaOH vs 1.0 or 0.1 M)
  3. Aqueous HCl (strong acid); ONLY protonates amines
26
Q

Layers in Extraction

A

Organic mixture - contains compounds you want to separate

Then add aqueous solvent

Neutral compounds are usually less dense so found on top layer. Aqueous layer now contains salts of compounds being separated (so what you’ve protonated and deprotonated)

27
Q

Why can you not use any other method except resolution to separate enantiomers?

A

Helps separate enantiomers because they share the same physical & chemical properties so cannot by directly separated by any physical process

28
Q

Resolution

A
  1. Convert enantiomers into diastereomeric salts with a chiral resolving agent
  2. Separate salts using conventional means (now have different BP, polarity, etc)
  3. Revert salts to original enantiomers by treating with an acid or base (eg. NaOH to relieve tartaric acid)
29
Q

How do we see colours?

A

an object absorbs a certain wavelength of visible light and the remainder of wavelengths are reflected to us

R G
O B
Y V

When you see a certain colour, all the other colours are absorbed but the one directly connected to x colour is most STRONGLY absorbed

30
Q

Energy spectrum

A

Goes from highest energy, frequency (left to right)
Goes from lowest to high wavelength (left to right)

Gamma ray / X Ray / UV Ray / Visible Light / Infrared / Microwave / Radiowaves

31
Q

Mass Spectroscopy

A
  • Used to determine the molecular weight of a compound

- Determines the elemental & isotopic composition of molecule

32
Q

Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)

A
  • Light in IR range causes different bonds to vibrate at distinct frequencies
  • Indicates which function group is present (but not how many or where)
  • Useful for distinguishing constitutional isomers not stereoisomers
  • Peaks expressed as wavenumber (cm-1) in spectrum 1/λ)
33
Q 
Important Wavenumbers:
O-H
C=O
C=C
C≡N/ C≡C
A

O-H: 3200 - 3600
C=O: 1700
C=C: 1650
C≡N/ C≡C: 2100-2260

34
Q

UV/Visible spectroscopy

A
  • Indicates presence of conjugated pi system (alternating double and single bonds)
  • more alternating bonds = longer the wavelength of light absorbed)
35
Q

H-NMR (NMRI Spectroscopy)

A

Radiowaves determine information about H atoms in molecules

36
Q

What are the 4 key features of H-NMR Spectrum?

A
  1. # of signals (how many non-equivalent hydrogens)
  2. Splitting pattern n+1 rule (# of non-equivalent neighbouring hydrogens)
  3. Area under signal/ integration (#of hydrogens represented by each signal)
  4. Chemical shift (ppm) (chemical environment of that hydrogen)
37
Q

N+1 (splitting pattern) refers to…

A 
# of peaks for a signal 
1 - singlet
2 - doublet
3 - triplet
4 - quarter
5+ - multiplet
38
Q

Chemical shift (δ)

A

δ indicates location of signal on H-NMR spectrum (expressed in ppm)

Downfield shift (high ppm)

  • carbon attached to e- withdrawing group
  • proton is deshielded

Upfield shift (low ppm)

  • proton is shielded
  • carbon attached to e- donating group
10 - 9: aldehyde
8-7: aromatic phenol
6-5: vinyl
5-2: alcohol
4-2: H-C-Y
2-0: alkyl

Psych/Soc (24 decks)

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