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PCE - Cardiopulmonary-Vascular > Obstructive and restrictive Pulmonary Disease > Flashcards

Obstructive and restrictive Pulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of COPD

A
  • progressive airway obstruction that is not fully reversible
  • gas exchange is normal
  • always hyperinflated (difficulty getting air out)
  • Decreased elastic recoil
  • age of onset: middle aged to older adults
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2
Q

COPD Rx

A
  • Pharmacological FOCUS:
    1. smooth mm relaxation
    2. reduce airway inflammation
  • O2 therapy: but not for pts with pulmonary HTN, CHF
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3
Q

What is bronchitis

What is the key feature of bronchitis

A

inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes. Key feature is excess mucus production in bronchioles

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4
Q

Main cause of emphysema

A

smoking

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5
Q

Result of emphysema

A

Destruction of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole + destruction of alveolar septa
- causes merging of alveoli into larger air spaces - which leads to decreased surface area for gas exchange

loss of airways and capillaries as well

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6
Q

Emphysema Impact

A

Difficulties with exhalation

  • Damaged alveoli = old air becomes trapped
    • Decreased space available for O2-rich new air
  • Hyperventilation flattens diaphragm
    - now at mechanical disadvantage
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7
Q

Emphysema Rx

A

Can slow down progression but can’t reverse damage

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8
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

irreversible destruction (necrosis) + dilation of airways with chronic bacterial infection

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9
Q

Bronchiectasis causes

A

CF
TB
Endobronchial tumour

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10
Q

Bronchiectasis characteristics:

A
  • excess mucus leading to SOB

- eventually alveoli replaced with scar tissue - due to chronic inflammation

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11
Q

Bronchiectasis Rx

A
  • bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids

- secretion clearance

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12
Q

What is interstitial lung disease

A

Progressive scaring leading to stiffness and decreased lung compliance (not airway obstruction)

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13
Q

Interstitial lung disease S&S

A
  • dyspnea
  • severe O2 desaturation (cyanosis)
  • clubbing of fingers and toes
  • decreased exercise tolerance
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14
Q

Interstitial lung disease Rx

A
  • O2 therapy
  • lung transplant
  • pulmonary rehab
  • Cessation of exposure (known cause)
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15
Q

What causes pulmonary fibrosis

A

2/3 no know cause
1/3 TB
Inhaling harmful particles

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16
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis pathology

A

Fibrosis = scaring in lungs

Damage to bronchioles and alveoli - greatly decreased gas exchange

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17
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis Rx

A
  • Radiation therapy

- Meds

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18
Q

Pneumoconiosis is also referred to as ___

A

coal worker’s lung

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19
Q

What is tuberculosis

A

Infectious, inflammatory systemic disease that affects the lungs

20
Q

Tuberculosis cause

A

Inhaling airborne particles - myocobacterium tuberculosis

21
Q

Tuberculosis may disseminate to involve what other organs/structures?

A

involve kidneys, growth plates, meninges, avascular necrosis of hip joint, lymph nodes + other organs

22
Q

Tuberculosis testing

A

TB skin test: inject in forearm

- determines if body’s immune response has been activated by TB before

23
Q

Tuberculosis S&S

A
  • Productive cough 3+ weeks
  • Weight loss
  • Fever
  • night sweats
  • Fatigue
  • Bronchial breath sounds
24
Q

Tuberculosis result

A

Granulomas in lung tissue

25
Q

Tuberculosis Rx

A
  • Medical MGMT: 10 drugs

- PT: Thorough history + self-protection (masks, etc.)

26
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

27
Q

Pleural effusion types

A
  • Transudate - commonly due to to heart or renal failure - low protein, clear
  • Exudate - formation of fluid by inflammation or disaese (infection or cancer of pleura) - opaque
28
Q

Pleural effusion S&S

A
  • SOB
  • chest pain
  • percussion – dull
  • Decreased or ABSENT breath sounds
  • may hear a pleural rub
29
Q

Pleural effusion Chest xray findings

A

Possible mediastinal shift

30
Q

What is pulmonary edema

A

Increased fluid in extravascular spaces of the lungs

31
Q

Pulmonary edema possible causes

A
  • Increased hydrostatic pressure d/t heart or kidney failure - pushes fluid out of vessels
  • Increased alveolar permeability - drug induced, ARDS, inhalation of noxious gas
32
Q

Pulmonary edema presentation

A
  • Stiff lungs - increased work of breathing
  • Dyspnea
  • Classic symptom: cough that produces a frothy pink tinged sputum
33
Q

Pulmonary edema auscultation

A

Fine crackles

34
Q

Pulmonary embolus S&S

A
  • bloody sputum
  • dyspnea
  • Increased RR
  • cyanotic
35
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A
  • inherited autosomal disorder affecting ALL EXOCRINE GLANDS
36
Q

Effects of cystic fibrosis

A
  • defective Cl- : excretion and Na+ absorption = THICK MUCUS
  • recurrent chest infections
  • consolidation
  • atelectasis
  • thickened bronchial walls
37
Q

Cystic fibrosis Dx

A
  • Family history, gene testing (autosomal recessive disease, need 2 copies of abnormal gene)
  • Sweat test - chloride content of sweat
38
Q

Cystic fibrosis S&S

A
  • respiratory symptoms most common
  • finger clubbing
  • breathlessness
  • delayed puberty
  • skeletal maturity
  • infertility in males
  • symptomatic steatorrhea
  • diabetes mellitus
  • liver disease
  • osteoporosis
39
Q

Cystic fibrosis Rx

A
  • airway clearance techniques
  • bronchodilators
  • aggressive antibiotics
40
Q

_____ accounts for 95% of arterial occlusive disease

A

peripheral arterial disease

41
Q

What is the underlying cause of peripheral arterial disease

A

atherosclerosis

42
Q

Peripheral arterial disease S&S

A
  • *occur distal to site of narrowing or obstruction
  • intermittent claudication
  • acute ischemia (pallor, pain paralysis, pulseless)
  • ulceration and gangrene
  • skin (shiny, thin, hairless)  often occurs in feet
43
Q

Peripheral arterial disease outcome measure

A

Decreased mobility d/t pain + loss of function or loss of limb (leading cause of limb loss in adults)

44
Q

What is the difference between peripheral arterial disease and peripheral vascular disease

A

Vascular: problem with both veins and arteries

Arterial: just arteries

45
Q

Underlying cause of peripheral vascular disease

A

Artherosclerosis

46
Q

Peripheral vascular disease S&S

A
  • intermittent claudication
  • Decreased pulses
  • ulcers
  • cool skin
  • limit mobility
  • pain or loss of function of limb
  • Pain with PA, most often in calf

PCE - Cardiopulmonary-Vascular (14 decks)

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