Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies

Question 1

Labia

Answer 1

consist of tissues that protect the entrance to the birth canal, the urethral opening and the nerve-rich center of sexual stimulation, called the clitoris (found in the anterior aspect of the labia.

Question 2

Perineum

Answer 2

soft tissue and muscle found between the vaginal opening and the anus. prone to tear during childbirth

Question 3

mons pubis

Answer 3

layer of soft tissue that covers and protects the pubic symphysis. area where hair grows as a woman reaches puberty

Question 4

vagina

Answer 4

birth canal, made up of smooth muscle, it connects the uterus to the outside world and will stretch to accommodate passage of the fetus during delivery
passageway for menstrual waste products leaving the uterus at the conclusion of the menstrual cycle

Question 5

ovaries

Answer 5

small, round organs that are located on either side of most women’s lower abdominal quadrants. responsible for producing ova (eggs) for conception. also produce many hormones necessary for the process of reproduction

Question 6

Fallopian tubes

Answer 6

(oviducts)
connects ovaries to the uterus
if fertilization occurs it will most likely happen in these tubes

Question 7

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 7

can occur if the ovum implants in the fallopian tubes

these tubes cannot expand like the uterus as the fetus develops and are vulnerable to rupture and severe bleeding

Question 8

Uterus

Answer 8

Womb
muscular, hollow organ located along the midline in most womens lower abdominal quadrants
intended site for the fertilized egg to implant and develop into a fetus
able to stretch and grow

Question 9

Cervix

Answer 9

muscular ring separates the vagina and the uterus

in none pregnant women it is constricted

Question 10

Ovulation

Answer 10

Phase of the female reproductive cycle in which an ovum is released from the ovary

Question 11

Embryo

Answer 11

the baby from fertilization to 8 weeks of development

Question 12

Fetus

Answer 12

baby from 8 weeks of development to birth

Question 13

Placenta

Answer 13

organ of pregnancy where exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes occurs between a mother and fetus
attached to the wall of the uterus
is expelled after the baby is born

Question 14

umbilical cord

Answer 14

fetal structure containing blood vessels that carry blood to and from the placenta
1 inch wide and 22 inches long

Question 15

Amniotic sac

Answer 15

“bag of water”

contains about 1 quart of liquid called amniotic fluid. allows the fetus to float during development, acts as a cushion between the fetus and minor injury, and helps maintain a constant fetal body temp.

Question 16

Physiologic Changes of Pregnancy

Answer 16

Inside:
increased blood volume
Increased O2 demand/decreased lung capacity
Fetus growing uterus enlarging
growing uterus displaces GI tract
Increased heart rate
Ligaments stretched, carrying extra weight of fetus

Outside:
Pink coloration of skin
shortness of breath common
belly enlarging
nausea vomiting and heartburn
faster pulse "swayback" posture, back pain

Question 17

Supine Hypotensive Syndrome

Answer 17

dizziness and a drop in blood pressure caused when the mother is in a supine position and the weight of the uterus, infant, placenta, and amniotic fluidcompress the inferior vena cava, reducing return of blood tot he heart and cardiac output.

Question 18

Labor

Answer 18

three stages of delivery of a baby
First stage: regular contractions and the thinning and gradual dilation of the cervix and ends with cervix fully dilated
Second Stage: time when baby enters the bith canal until he is born
Third Stage: after baby is born and lasts until the afterbirth is delivered

Question 19

afterbirth

Answer 19

placenta, membranes of the amniotic sac, part of the umbilical cord, and some tissues from the lining of the uterus that are deliverd after the birth of the baby.

Question 20

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Answer 20

irregular prelabor contraction of the uterus

Question 21

Lightening

Answer 21

sensation of the fetus moving from high in the abdomen to low in the birth canal

Question 22

Meconium staining

Answer 22

amniotic fluid that is greenish or brownish-yellowrather than clear as a result of fetal defecation; an indication of possible maternal or fetal destress during labor

Question 23

Crowning

Answer 23

when part of the baby is visible through the vaginal opening

Question 24

Cephalic presentation

Answer 24

appears head first during birth. this is the normal presentation

Question 25

Neonate

Answer 25

Newly born infant or an infant less than 1-month-old

Question 26

APGAR Score

Answer 26

Appearance: blue or pale all over=0, extremities blue, trunk pink=1, pink all over=2

Pulse: 0=0, 100=2

Grimace: no reaction=0, facial grimace=1, sneeze, cough, or cry=2

Activity: no movement=0, only slight activity=1, moving around normally=2

Respiratory Effort: none=0, slow or irregular breathing, weak cry=1, Good breathing, strong cry=2

Question 27

Inverted pyramid of neonatal resuscitation

Answer 27

Basic:
Drying, warming, positioning, suction, tactile stimulation. 
Oxygen
Bag-Mask Ventilation
Chest Compressions

Advanced:
Intubation
Medications

Question 28

Breech presentation

Answer 28

when the baby’s buttocks or both legs appear first during birth

Question 29

limb presentation

Answer 29

when an infant’s limb protrudes from the vagina before the appearance of any other body part

Question 30

prolapsed umbilical cord

Answer 30

when the umbilical cord presents first and is squeezed between the vaginal wall and the baby’s head
oxygen supply to the baby may be totally interrupted

Question 31

premature infant

Answer 31

any newborn weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds or born before the 37th week of pregnancy

Question 32

Placenta previa

Answer 32

condition in which the placenta is formed in an abnormal location (low in the uterus and close to or over the cervical opening) that will not allow for a normal delivery of the fetus; a cause of excessive pre-birth bleeding

Question 33

abruptio placentae

Answer 33

condition in which the placenta separate from the uterine wall; a cause of pre-birth bleeding

Question 34

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 34

when implantation of the fertilized egg is not in the body of the uterus, occurring instead in the fallopian tube

Question 35

eclampsia

Answer 35

severe complication of pregnancy that produces seizures and coma

Question 36

preeclampsia

Answer 36

complication of pregnancy in which the woman retains large amounts of fluid and has hypertension. she may also experience seizures and/or coma during birth, which is very dangerous to the infant

Question 37

abortion

Answer 37

spontaneous (miscarriage) or induced termination of pregnancy

Question 38

spontaneous abortion

Answer 38

when the fetus and placenta deliver before the 28th week of pregnancy; commonly called a miscarriage

Question 39

stillborn

Answer 39

born dead