Nutrition - Plants Flashcards Preview

BIOL 1902 - Natural History > Nutrition - Plants > Flashcards

Flashcards in Nutrition - Plants Deck (40)
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1
Q

Name the two solutions for animals since they cannot make their own food?

A
  1. Herbivory -> Eat Plants (seeds, sap, nectar, dead plant material)
  2. Predation -> Eat other animals
2
Q

An animal that eats dead plant matter is called a _______.

A

Detritivore

3
Q

Animals that feed on food that passes by them are called ________.

A

Filter Feeders.

4
Q

Give examples of filter feeders.

A

Clams
Black Fly larva using their labral brushes
Dapplers and Puddle Ducks scooping water and filtering through their lamallae
Swans

5
Q

What the filter sieve on Puddle ducks called?

A

Lamallae

6
Q

Puddle Ducks use their ____ +___ to filter feed from the water.

A

Lamallae and tongues

7
Q

Hummingbird adaptations for sucking nectar.

A
  • Large proboscis (long tongue)
  • Long beak
  • Little spoon on tip of tongue
  • Hyoid Horns and the Hyoid Apparatus (extendible tongue that loops around their skull and eyes)
8
Q

How to suck sap? Give examples of bugs/

A

Stylets - piercing mouth parts that are long and narrow that help with sap sucking

True Bugs, Aphids

9
Q

Describe the yellow bellied sap sucker sap sucking process.

A

drills holes different sizes to suck different tree material depending on the season.

Tree cafe for other bugs lol

10
Q

Name a couple ways animals break down the tough structural components of plants.

A

Mandibles, cheek teeth, radula

11
Q

What are mandibles, give animal example.

A

Insect/caterbillar apparatus that helps shear off plant tissue.

12
Q

What are radula, give animal example.

A

Slug chainsaw like conveyor belt inside their mouth that breaks down plant tissue.

13
Q

Insects that eat the leaves from inside the leaf membranes. Give example.

A

Miners

ex. Leaf Blotch miner

14
Q

Mammals modified teeth for breaking down plants are called _____.

A

Incisors.

15
Q

Structural components that help Moose break down plant matter.

A

lower incisors that break off material

cheek teeth that grind it powered by large masseters

16
Q

Define masseters.

A

Large muscles on the side of the head especially in herbivores.

17
Q

Things that all preform the same function but arise from different origins are called _________ ________.

A

Analogous structures.

18
Q

_____ ____ ___ and _____ are all analogous structures.

A

mandibles, radula and cheek teeth.

19
Q

What is a gizzard? What animal has one.

A

A second stomach before the other stomach that helps break down plant material. Has a grater like surface with cuticle lining.

Spruce Grouse

20
Q

What to slugs and snails produce to aid digestion?

A

digestive enzymes

21
Q

What do caterpillars do since they dont have digestive enzymes?

A

eat a fuk ton. since they waste alot of nutrients and can’t absorb a lot.

Eat 10 times their body weight but food is plentyful so this is okay.

22
Q

What do moose to to aid digestion?

A

Uses rumination and cough their food back up and chew it again

23
Q

What is the rumen / rumination?

A

The first stomach of an animal that holds bacteria that helps digest the food.

24
Q

The relationship between the bacteria in the rumen and the moose is a _______ ________.

A

Symbiotic Relationship

25
Q

What is coprophagy and what animal does this?

A

Eating the poop first time through to absorb the left over nutrients.

Snowshoe hairs and beavers

26
Q

What is a caecum and what animal has this?

A

A long extension off the intestine where bacteria resides to aid with digestion.

Snowshoe hairs.

27
Q

Porcupines dont need to use coprophagy, why?

A

They have a super long digestive track.

28
Q

Grouse have a ____ and ____ to help with digestion.

A

Gizzard and caeca.

29
Q

An animal that eats fruit all the time is called a _____.

A

Frugivore.

30
Q

Define seed predators, give examples.

A

animals that eat the seed

Chipmunks + birds

31
Q

Define seed dispersers, give examples

A

animals that eat the fruit and spread the seed in their poop.

Bears and waxwings.

32
Q

Physical adaptations of waxwings to eat fruit

A

Large gape
small gizzard
short intestine

33
Q

Why do waxwings need to digest quickly?

A

So they can make room for more fruit as they need to eat a lot of fruit to get proper nutrients.

34
Q

Goldfinches physical adaptation for getting at seeds.

A

special beaks that can open seeds like a can opener

35
Q

Red Crossbills physical adaptation for getting at seeds.

A

eat pincones
crossed mandiblies
long extendible tongue
massive gizzard for grinding seeds

36
Q

Red squirrels have ____ for helping them to eat pinecones.

A

incisors with hard coats

37
Q

What is vein drain? What animal does this?

A

when bugs bite a plants leaf veins to limit the amount of chemicals in the leaf.

Milkweed beetles.

38
Q

What helps herbivores neutralize toxins in plants?

A

Enzymes to neutralize the plants MFOs (mixed function oxidases)

39
Q

Difference between Specialists and Generalists.

A

S -> specific type of plant

G -> variety of different plants

40
Q

How do moose keep up their bodily sodium content?

A
  1. stock up before winter by eating aquatic plants
  2. store sodium during the winter in their rumen
  3. eat balsam fir needles
  4. eat road ditch water during the winter