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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Neurophysiology of Reward and Addiction > Flashcards

Neurophysiology of Reward and Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

what is salience?

A

something important in the surrounding environment worth paying attention to; think of salience as “wanting”

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2
Q

what does it mean when something has salience?

A

it has value to an individual

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3
Q

what does reward involve?

A

hedonic (euphoric) effect of pleasure, motivation to obtain the reward because of its salience, and associated learning

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4
Q

what is aversion?

A

a negative reinforcement of behavior that the individual will learn to avoid future encounters

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5
Q

what is anhedonia?

A

lack of interest in something; no longer liking something previously liked- prominent feature in depression

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6
Q

an unpredicted award elicits what?

A

a positive prediction error

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7
Q

a fully predicted reward elicits what?

A

no response- no discrepancy associated with it

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8
Q

omission of a predicted reward induces what?

A

a depression (negative prediction error)

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9
Q

why is reward prediction error important?

A

it is going to highlight the difference between expected rewards and the experiences that induce either the expectation, omission, or fully-predicted value

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10
Q

drugs of abuse increase what?

A

extracellular dopamine concentrations in limbic regions, including the nucleus accumbens

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11
Q

what are some examples of drugs that increase dopamine directly?

A

cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy

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12
Q

how do some drugs increase dopamine directly?

A

by inhibiting dopamine reuptake or promoting dopamine release

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13
Q

what are some drugs that increase dopamine indirectly?

A

nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and marijuana

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14
Q

what does salience affect?

A

the motivation to seek the anticipated reward and it facilitates conditioned learning

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15
Q

what are the effects of sensory stimuli associated with salience?

A

the sensory stimuli (sights or sounds) that are associated with salience (a drug or drug taking) can increase dopamine by themselves and elicit the desire for the drug

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16
Q

what is the important system involved in the neurophysilogic system of reward?

A

the mesolimbic system

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17
Q

what is the mesolimbic system made up of?

A

the nucleus accumbens, the ventral tegmental area, the prefrontal cortex, and the limbic system

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18
Q

what is the main function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

to suppress sensations of pleasure and reward

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19
Q

what type of neurons are nucleus accumbens neurons?

A

they are gabaergic

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20
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens constitutively being activated by?

A

a constant trickle of EAA like glutamate from the hippocampus, amygdala, or the pre-frontal cortex

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21
Q

what happens when the nucleus accumbens is activated?

A

they will be stimulated to release GABA upon their target

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22
Q

where do the GABAergic nucleus accumbens neurons project to and release GABA when stimulated?

A

the pre-frontal cortex

23
Q

what is the effect of a constitutive inhibition of the PFC targets?

A

it keeps the brain in a reward-neutral state (no pleasure sensed)

24
Q

what brain areas activate the nucleus accumbens?

A

hippocampus, amygdala, the PFC

25
Q

when you do something that elicits a reward, what becomes activated?

A

the ventral tegmental area

26
Q

what is the role of the ventral tegmental area?

A

it sends projects to the nucleus accumbens and turns it off

27
Q

what is our main reward NT?

A

dopamine

28
Q

what happens when the ventral tegmental area projects to the nucleus accumbens and releases dopamine?

A

the dopamine will inhibit the neurons in the nucleus accumbens

29
Q

what happens when we have an inhibited nucleus accumbens/ nucleus accumbens activity decreases?

A

sensation of pleasure

30
Q

How is the ventral tegmental area even activated??

A

upon engaging in behavior or activity that results in reward, the VTA is activated by EAA, orexin, or acetylcholine

31
Q

where does orexin come from?

A

the hypothalamus

32
Q

what areas activate the ventral tegmental area?

A

the prefrontal cortex, the hypothalamus, or the dorsal tegmental area

33
Q

how do we shut the reward system off?

A

the reward feedback circuit- there are projections from the NA back to the ventral tegmental area

34
Q

in addition to releasing GABA, the NA-neurons also release a co-transmitter called what?

A

dynorphin

35
Q

what is dynorphin?

A

it is an opioid

36
Q

what does dynorphin bind to?

A

the kappa-opiod receptor in the VTA

37
Q

what do GABA and dynorphin function to do?

A

suppress additional release of dopamine from the VTA as a means to halt the reward process

38
Q

what is the dopamine-hypothesis of reward?

A

the inactivation of the nucleus accumbens via the dopaminergic neurons from the VTA

39
Q

what is the dopamine-independent reward pathway?

A

it utilizes endogenous opioids to obtain a profound sense of pleasure

40
Q

How do opioids increase dopamine in the VTA?

A

by inhibitoon of GABAergic neurons locally through mu-receptors

41
Q

Chronic drug exposure alters what?

A

the morphology of neurons in dopamine-regulated circuits

42
Q

at a cellular level, what do drugs alter?

A

the expression of certain transcription factors

43
Q

what is responsible for the conditioning?

A

hippocampus

44
Q

what mediates craving?

A

the amygdala

45
Q

when the abuser encounters the associated persons or things and is then driven to make poor decisions or seek out more drugs in spite of obstacles- what is responsible for this?

A

the orbitofrontal cortex

46
Q

what is the mechanism of short term memory associated with reward and addiction?

A

increased phosphorylation of AMPA receptors in the post-synpatic membrane

47
Q

what is the mechanism of longer term memory associated with reward and addiction?

A

activation of calcium-calmodulin-CREB mechanism

48
Q

what is the mechanism of life-long memory associated with reward and addiction?

A

signaling cascades involving delta FosB and AP-1

49
Q

what is one example of a target of the calcium-calmodulin CREB mechanism?

A

within the NA, a priminent target is dynorphin

50
Q

what does CREB do>

A

it targets DNA to increase the transcription/translation of its target

51
Q

what does the locus ceruleus mediate?

A

physical dependency

52
Q

what mechanism targets the locus ceruleus?

A

CREB

53
Q

what two transcription factors have life-long implications?

A

delta FosB and Ap-1

54
Q

what are some targets of the deltaFos B and AP-1 transcription factors?

A

structural proteins, EAA receptor expression, and factors promoting drug seeking, motivation, and locomotion

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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