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PHTH 521 > Neurodegenerative Disorders > Flashcards

Neurodegenerative Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 neurodegenerative disorders under dementia?

A
  1. Alzheimer’s disease

2. Vascular cognitive impairment

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2
Q

What are 2 neurodegenerative disorders under the motor system?

A
  1. Amyotropic lateral scletosis

2. MS

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3
Q

______ ______ = amyloid protein processing occurs with age

A

AD

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4
Q

_____ = a mis-folded protein similar to a prion

A

amyloid

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5
Q

What are 3 vascular changes that could lead to vascular cognitive impairment?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. small haemorrhages
  3. atherosclerotic plaques
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6
Q

Familial cases of AD represent __-__% of AD.

A

5-10

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7
Q

Histological evidence of AD: increased number of neural plaques in the ______ ______.

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

In AD, neuritic processes surround central ______ core.

A

amyloid

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9
Q

What are 2 features associated with Alzheimers in terms of histological evidence?

A
  1. neurofibrillary tangles

2. massive cortical atrophy

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10
Q

Misshapen ____ occurs in neurofibrillary tangles.

A

tau

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11
Q

In AD, there is a decrease in the production of what NT?

A

ACh

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12
Q

Most patients with AD die of ________.

A

pneumonia

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13
Q

What are 4 ways that AD clinically presents?

A
  1. Personality changes
  2. Memory changes
  3. Difficulty learning
  4. Visuo-spatial may also be lost
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14
Q

_______ learned motor skills are preserved in AD.

A

implicitly

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15
Q

What are 2 standardized tests to monitor AD?

A
  1. Functional activities questionnaire

2. Mini-mental state exam

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16
Q

What are 4 PT concerns in AD?

A
  1. Prevent falls
  2. Retain motor activities
  3. Well being and to reduce restlessness (exercise)
  4. Support for caregivers
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17
Q

Vascular cognitive impairments is essentially an accumulation of ____-____,.

A

mini-strokes

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18
Q

VCI leads to degeneration of the ______ _____ lobes.

A

medial temporal lobes

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19
Q

Pt’s with VCI present with a ________ pattern of functional losses.

A

staircase

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20
Q

_______ = progressive motor neuron disease, most commonly an adult onset.

A

ALS

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21
Q

_____ = only disease that attacks the central and peripheral NS.

A

ALS

22
Q

ALS = motor neuron disease of gradual deterioration with death of _____ and ______ motor neurons.

A

upper; lower

23
Q

Does one lose sensation in ALS?

A

No

24
Q

Most cases of ALS occur ______.

A

sporadically

25
Q

ALS starts in the ________ and moves ______.

A

periphery; centrally

26
Q

What is selectively spared in ALS?

A
  1. Sensory system
  2. Ocular motility and sacral parasympathetic
  3. Proximal spared/distal motor
  4. Motor control systems
  5. Intellectual processes
27
Q

After there is a loss of UMN in ALS, there is _____ cell proliferation leading to a scar formation.

A

glial

28
Q

What 3 things does astrocytosis cause in ALS?

A
  1. Secondary demyelination
  2. Axonal swelling, debris and sclerosis
  3. Damage to anterior horn cells of SC, brain stem and cerebral cortex
29
Q

In ALS, viable MN attempt to ______.

A

compensate

30
Q

What does LMN compensation look like in ALS?

A
  1. distal intramuscular sprouting

2. attempts at reinnervation

31
Q

Attempts at reinnervation in ALS = enlarged ____ _____.

A

motor units

32
Q

In ALS, paresis, hypotonia and primary muscle atrophy results in what 4 things?

A
  1. decreased resistance to passive movement
  2. absent deep tendon reflexes
  3. absent abdominal reflexes
  4. absent babinski sign
33
Q

In ALS, primary atrophy leads to what 3 things?

A
  1. severe, irreversible muscle wasting
  2. fasciculations (muscle twitching)
  3. metabolic changes in skin and appendages
34
Q

UMN damage in ALS leads to _______ and ____ movement patterns.

A

paresis; weak

35
Q

What are 3 treatments for ALS?

A
  1. Rilutek antiglutamate
  2. Rehabilitation directed at complications of immobility
  3. Symptom relief
36
Q

Does MS have a known cause?

A

No

37
Q

The typical onset of MS is ___-___ years

A

20-40

38
Q

____ is the most common cause of chronic disability in young adults.

A

MS

39
Q

What areas of latitude has the highest prevalence of MS?

A

North america, europe and southern australia

40
Q

Which ethnicities have the highest risk of MS? The lowest?

A

Northern europeans, US caucasians, Canadians; African and Asian descent

41
Q

MS includes ____ and _____.

A

inflammation; degerneration

42
Q

What are the 4 types of disease progression in MS?

A
  1. Relapsing/remitting MS
  2. Primary progressive MS
  3. Secondary progressive MS
  4. Progressive relapsing MS
43
Q

What is the most common type of MS?

A

relapse-remitting

44
Q

What is the name of the scale used to grade MS?

A

EDSS

45
Q

Is a higher score on the EDSS better or worse?

A

Worse

46
Q

What are the two symptoms of MS that usually cause people to go to the doctor to get checked out?

A
  1. Optic neuritis

2. Incontinence

47
Q

What is a major symptom of MS?

A

weakness and fatigue

48
Q

What is the disease modifying therapy for MS?

A

Beta interferon medications

49
Q

PT management in MS is largely focused on _______ management.

A

symptom

50
Q

___% of people with MS experience an increase in neurological signs and symptoms in the heat

A

80

51
Q

Exercise benefits overall function in people with MS (T/F)

A

TRUE

PHTH 521 (9 decks)

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