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Cytokines > Neuro C > Flashcards

Neuro C Flashcards

1
Q

What are the biogenic amines

A

Anything that turns into neurotransmitters

Glutamine, gaba glycine, serine, alanine, cystathionine, glutamine, lysine, theonine, leucine

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2
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters

A 
Noreepi
Dopamine
Epinephrine
glutamate
serotonin
acetlychline
histamine
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3
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

Gaba
glycine
nitric oxidie
neurosteroids

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4
Q

acetyl choline

A

Increase: agression,depression

decreased: decreased memory, delirium, delusion

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5
Q

Dopamine

A

Increase: psychoses, anxiety, confusion, aggression

decreased: dementia, movement disorders, depression

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6
Q

Serotonin

A

Increase: anxiety

decreased: depression,dementia

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7
Q

Norepi

A

Increase: anxiety, aggression inattention

Decreased: anxiety

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8
Q

Gaba

A

Increased: affective decrease, lethargy

Decreased: anxiety

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9
Q

Glycine

A

Increased: affective decrease, lethargy

Decreased: anxiety

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10
Q

Nitrous oxidide

A

Increased: sedation, vasodiliation, visual hallucinations

decreased: vasospasm, potential hyperactivity

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11
Q

Histamine

A

Increased: mania
Decreased: depression

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12
Q

Where are neuro transmitters stored, how are they released

A

vesicles store them

actional potential comes down and causes vesicle to bind to pre-synaptic terminal which binds to the post synaptic which will cause action to happen

after binding you will have metabolism and reuptake

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13
Q

Pro receptor activity vs anti-receptor activity

A

Pro: Na or Ca opening channel

Anti: Cl- slows down nervous system

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14
Q

What B vitamins are required to turn cysteine into taurine.

A

B3 and B 6

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15
Q

What enzyme builds and what breaks down acetyl choline.

A

Builds: choline acetylase

Breaks: acetylcholine esterase

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16
Q

What are the three fates of tryptophan

A

Niacinaminde(b3)

Serotonin which converts into melatonin

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17
Q

Where does melatonin come from? Where and what vitamins does it need

A

From serotonin in the pineal gland needs B5, B12 and folate

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18
Q

deficiency in phenylalanine cause

what about pheny-hydroxylase

A

Phenylalanine: retardation

enzyme: Phenyl ketone urea

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19
Q

What is the pathway to make Epi

A

Phenylalanine-tyrosine-L-dopa-dopamine-NE-Epi

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20
Q

4 fates of tyrosine

A

Melanin production
Thyroid hormone
TCA cycle
Doapmine,Ne, Epi

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21
Q

What does tyrosine hydroxylase need

A

B3, Fe

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22
Q

What happens in the adrenal medulla

A

Ne-Epi

the only place that contains N-methyl-transferase

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23
Q

what is the primary breakdown product of catecholamines in the urine

A

Vanillamandilic acid

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24
Q

what two enzymes are used in the production of catecholamine breakdown

what happens if you have a genetic deficiency in them

A

MAO and COMT

Genetic deficiency: Increased NE and Epi= hyper and anxiety sleep disturbance and aggrivation

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25
Q

N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA receptor)

A

non catecholamine receptors that mediate excitatory neurotransmission

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26
Q

What excites NMDA receptors

A

Glutamate

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27
Q

What does Nitric oxide do?

A

excites cGMP

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28
Q

What three things do cGMP act on

A

Retina: photoreception

Vascular smooth muscle: vasodilation

AMPA (excitatory receptors): probable desensitization, glutamine class to calm you down

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29
Q

Histamine 1 receptor

A

Exitatory
-increased depolarization in hypothalamic and limbic areas

Snotty nose

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30
Q

Histamine 2 receptors

A

excitatory/stimulating
central and peripheral

slows potassium conductance increasing excitation in the hipocampus, amydala and basal nuclei

runs HCL transporters

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31
Q

Histamine 3 receptors

A

Inhibitory

Blocks calcium channels in the basal nuclei decreasing histamine release

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32
Q

Histamine 4 receptors

A

Inhibitory

slows/modulates NMDA receptor complex

33
Q

Histidine to histamine needs what vitamin

A

decarboxylase so needs B1

34
Q

Histamine is reduced how and removed how

A

reduced: methylation

Removed MAO

35
Q

what does gaba do

A

cl=channel activity to inhibit

Formed from glutamine in CNS

36
Q

Glycine does what

A

also does a Cl- channel but acts like gaba without being gaba

inhibitory/calming

37
Q

How does the brain know if we have night or day

A

the Retino-hypothalamic pathway

38
Q

What is the circadian control of waking

A

ACTCH–creates increased adrenal cortex activity–leads to the AM cortisol surge

brain wakes up

39
Q

What is the circadian control of calming the brain in PM

A

Light diminishes–retino-hypothalamic pathway increases activity = night–fibers communicate with the pineal gland–melatonin released

40
Q

what is the filter of movement and how does it work

A

the basil nuclei/ganglia is the filter of output from the motor cortex

it communicates with the diencephalon and the cerebellum to make smooth motor movement

41
Q

what are the three functional parts of the cerebellum and what do they do

A

Vestibulocerebellum: controls balance and eye movement

pontocerebellum: planning and initiation of movement

Spinocerebellum: synergy, which is control of rate, force, range and direction of movement

42
Q

What inhibits and excited Basil Nuclei/Ganglia

What does it consist of

A

Inhibitory: Gaba
Excitatory: dopamine

allow for plan and execution of smooth movements

consists of: striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, substantia nigra

43
Q

Huntington’s Chorea

A

Choreaform jerky, uncontrolled hyperkinetic movement and demntia

“purposeless movement”

gaba neuron autoimmune attack

44
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Damage to substantia nigra (dopaminergic system)

decreased dopamine

festinating gait, cog-wheel rigidity, pill-rolling resting treamor

45
Q

ALS/ Lou Gerhigs Disease

A

Loss of both lower and upper motor neurons

-mixed presenatition

death following respiratory complication

10% autosomal DOMINANT

46
Q

Encephalitis

A

focal neurological deficit

infx of brain itself

headache persists even as systemic SX

47
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges

48
Q

Most common organisms to cause bacterial meningitits

A

E. Coli

H.flu

Meningococcus

49
Q

Most common organisms to cause brain abscess

A

Strep and Staff

increased risk in orbital infections

50
Q

What is tabes dorsalis associated with

A

Neurospyhilis destroying dorsal roots, impaired sensation and ataxia, absent DTR

51
Q

what can cause encephalitis

A

Togaviridae (bird reservoir not horse)

Measles, mumps, chicen pox, rubella = autoimmune encephalitis

HSVI and II

52
Q

poliomyelitis

A

Poliovirus

non-soecific gastroenteritis, flaccid paralysis

53
Q

What are two types of neuroglial tumors

what are the difference?

A

Astrocytoma and Glioblastoma

glioblastoma is a grade 4 astrocytoma

grade 3 is malignant, 1 +2 benign

54
Q

Where do brain tumors tend to occur in adults?

Children?

A

Adults: above tentorium cerebelli

children: below tentorium

55
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor of adults

A

glioblastoma multiforme

Tumor of the astrocytes that is high grade and no longer like the parent tissue, very aggressive

56
Q

Acoustic neuroma is what cranial nerve

A

CN8

57
Q

what is meniers like syndrome and what is it associated with

A

Acoustic neruoma

vertigo, nausea vomitting

58
Q

What is von recklinghausens

A

Neurofibromatosis, autosomal dominant and mutations

59
Q

Autoimmune demyelination in the CNS

what dz and sx

A

Multiple sclerosis

Glove and stocking parasthesia, optic neuritis

60
Q

Ascending paralysis that is self limiting after a viral illness

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Acute idiopathic polyneuritis, polyradiculoneuropathy

+ gouers sign, walk up theighs to stand up

61
Q

what bug causes descending paralysis

A

botulism

62
Q

axonal reaction

A

axon damaged, cell body enlarges, becomes ascentric and increases protein synthesis

63
Q

Red neurons

A

acute necrosis of neurons, changes before death of neuron

64
Q

cowdry bodies think

A

herpes

65
Q

negri bodies think

A

rabies

66
Q

What syndrome do you get with thiamine B 1 deficiency due to alcoholism, what does it lead to

A

Wenicke-Korsakoff SYNDROME

confabulations, no short term memory

they make everything up but dont mean to

encephalopathy due to Thiamine deficiency

67
Q

Pellegra

A

Niacin deficiency

4 D’s: Dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, death

68
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Macrocytic anemia

Degeneration of spinal cord (spasticity, weakness, dementia, loss of proprioception)

some PNS symptoms

not cured by folate supplementation

69
Q

Diffuse cortical atrophy, neurofibillary tangles

A

Alzheimers dizsease

70
Q

Dementia

A

clinically finding not a disease

71
Q

Where are plaques in alzheimers

A

Senile plaques in cortex

abnormal tau protein laden nerve processes, microglia, astrocytes

72
Q

What are the three lysosomal storage disease

A

Tay-sachs

Hyrlers

Pompes

73
Q

what diesase has deficicnecy in hexoaminidase A enzyme and what does that cause

A

Tay-Sachs

neurodegenerative disorder that leads to inability to catabolize GM 2 gangliosides

get dementia siezures parylisis and death by age 4

74
Q

what disease can you not degrade mucopolysaccharides

A

Hurker’s

happens peripherally
Retarded growth, skeletal deformities

death by 6-10yo

75
Q

What disease has alpha-glucosidase deficiency

A

Pompe’s

Can make glycogen but can not break it down

get muscular build up like cardiomegaly

76
Q

What disease results from deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase

what happens

A

PKU

autosomal recessive

nromal at birth but build up phenylallanine and get mental retarded since they cant convert it to tyrosine

77
Q

What disease has toxic levels of copper storage

what is the pathoneumonic finding

A

Wilson’s Disease

Toxic levels of copper storage leading to kaiser-fleisher rings in the eye, liver and brain

78
Q

What disease is caused by inborn enzyme deficienies that create abnormal myelin

A

Leukodystrophies

Cytokines (9 decks)

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