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Cytokines > Neuro A > Flashcards

Neuro A Flashcards

1
Q

What three things does CN-9 do?

A
  • pressure sense for brain
  • stylopharengous muscle
  • touch taste in the back of the tongue
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2
Q

Where do the baroreceptors live?

A

in the carotid sinus

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3
Q

What does the common carotid break into

A

internal and external carotids

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4
Q

Where is the first branch of the internal carotid

A

Inside the skull at the ophthalmic artery

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5
Q

What gives blood outside the skull to the head and neck

A

external carotid

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6
Q

What divides the circle of willis from the vertebral basilar system

A

posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar

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7
Q

Everything ___ is part of the circle of willis and ___is part of the basilar

A

Cerebral

cerebellar NOT PART OF IT

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8
Q

what do communicating arteries do

A

they are NOT blood suppliers, they communicate arteries in the circle

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9
Q

what does the anterior communicating artery communicate between

A

anterior cerebral arteries on both sides

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10
Q

what does the posterior communicating artery communicate between

A

anterior cerebral +middle cerebral and the posterior cerebral

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11
Q

What do the vertebral arteries turn into

A

basilar artery which goes to the posterior cerebral artery

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12
Q

What are the branches of the basilar artery

A

all named after the brainstem and cerebellar

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13
Q

branches of the vertebral artery are named what

A

spinal artery that go into the upper part of spinal cord

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14
Q

Internal carotid has two branches:

A

anterior cerebral and middle cerebral

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15
Q

THE BONY PROMINENCE THAT IS COMMECERENT WITH THE CONFLUENT OF SINUSES INSIDE THE BRAIN IS WHAT? WHAT IS THIS

A

WHERE ALL THE SINUSES MEET

BONY PROMINENCE IS THE INION/EOP

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16
Q

What are two types of vascular malformations and where do they occur

A

Arterial venous malformation: congenital occur anywhere

Berry aneurysm: congenital in the anterior middle and posterior communicating

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17
Q

Diastolic pressure over 120, grade 4 retinal changes

A

hypertensive encephalopathy, may lead to rupture and hemorrhage

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18
Q

What is the mc reason of spinal cord vascular lesions

A

vascular compression: tumors, acute disk compression)

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19
Q

Does the brain have lymphatics?

A

no

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20
Q

what controls fluid transport to the brain

A

BBB

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21
Q

Enlarged lateral ventricles of the brain is ___? What is it caused by?

A

Hydrocephalus

dt inability of children to drain cerebral sinal fluid leads to swollen skull

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22
Q

Why does hypoxia and ischemia happen?

A

acidosis which leads to necrosis

Low pH or low O2

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23
Q

what is encephalomalcia

A

necrosis of the brain

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24
Q

What is stroke due to, what are the four causes

A

not enough blood circulation in the brain

  • thrombolic: atherosclerosis
  • Embolic: cardiac thrombi to middle cerebral
  • Hemmorhagic: secondary to HTN, rupture of berry, women who smoke or O/C
  • Liquifaction necrosis in both
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25
Q

Where does the optic tract come from

A

optic canal

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26
Q

Where does the maxillary nerve (v2) come from

A

foramen rotundum

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27
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve (v3) come from

A

foramen ovale

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28
Q

Where does the middle meningeal A/V come from

A

foramen spinosum

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29
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery come from

A

foramen lacernum

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30
Q

Where does the facial nerve come from

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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31
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve come from

A

hypoglossal canal

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32
Q

pneumonic for CN

A

Oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girl vagina and hymin

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33
Q

pneumonic for sensory/motor/both

A

some say marry money but my brother says

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34
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory

A

1,2,8

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35
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor

A

3,4,6,11,12

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36
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed

A

5,7,9,10

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37
Q

which cranial nerves distribute near diencephalon

A

1,2

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38
Q

which cranial nerves distribute near midbrain

A

3,4

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39
Q

which cranial nerves distribute near pons

A

5,6,7,8

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40
Q

which cranial nerves distribute near medulla

A

9,,10,11,12

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41
Q

what is the order of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

42
Q

What type of fibers are olfactory nerve

A
  • cells that turnover
  • chemoreceptive fibers
  • smallest and slowest
  • doesnt detect pain (CN5)
43
Q

What goes through the cribriform plate

A

-unmyelinated c fibers

olfactory bulbsgo through the cribriform plate so fractures here affect smell

44
Q

Which cranial nerve uses G proteins and cAMP

A

CN-1 Olfaction

45
Q

___ uses cAMP

___uses cGMP

A

olfaction=cAMP
Vision=cGMP

both non brainstem

46
Q

CN2

A

optic nerve

helps you see, not move thats CN3

47
Q

What way does the eye grow forward and from what

A

forward from brain to optic cups

48
Q

What is the layer of the eye and what is it contigous with:

retina
choroid
sclera

A

Nerve=retina
CSF=choroid
Dura=sclera

49
Q

what controls the lens

When it contracts are you increases or decreasing the aperatue, do you see closer or further

A

Ciliary muscle

Contraction decreases aperture seeing closeer

50
Q

what controls the lens

When it contracts are you increases or decreasing the aperatue , do you see closer or further

A

Ciliary muscle

Contraction decreases aperture(wider fater) seeing closer

think fat and wide like a magnifier

51
Q

Sympathetics control what in the eye

A

relaxation of the ciliary muscle

52
Q

if you have relaxation of the ciliary muscle what are you doing

A

making the lense thinner to see further

53
Q

aqueous humor flow direction

A

aqueous flows from ciliary body to posterior chamber to feed lense into the anterior chamber and drains through the canal of schlemm

54
Q

what supplies blood to the corneaq

A

aqueous humor

55
Q

What is the pupillary light reflex

A

affernt information in is CN2

Efferent where motor activity goes out to shut pupil down is CN3

56
Q

Visual fields are __ of retinal fields

A

Inverse

57
Q

Lateral/temporal receptive fibers ____

Medial/nasal receptive fibers ____

A

Lateral stay on same side

Medial: cross at the optic chiasm

50% of visual information that goes to brain crosses over at optic chiasm

58
Q

what is below the optic chiasm

A

the pituitary

59
Q

what can happen to vision in a pituitary tumor

A

loss of medial vision=temporal visual perception=bitemporal heminopsia

60
Q

What do the lateral geniculate bodies do?

A

synaptic area that transmits optic tract to the ocipital lobe where we have visual sense

61
Q

what happens in macular degeneration

A

retinal pigment degeneration, pigment cells degenerate so you wont see in that area

62
Q

Rods do:

Cons do:

which have higher sensitivty which have higher activity

A

Rods: night vision

  • higher sensitivity
  • lower activity
  • in periphery of retina

Cones: color

  • low sensitivity
  • high activity
  • 3 color categories
63
Q

what has 1:1 relationship with bipolar cels

where are they found?

A

cones

found in the fovea

64
Q

miosis vs mydriasis

A

miosis: near vision-constrict
Mydriasis: far vision-relax

metiated through autonomic activity

65
Q

CN-3

A

oculomotor

-moves lid and eyeball with exception of CN4 and 6

66
Q

CN-4

A

Trochlear Nerve

  • Midbrain to the superior oblique
  • moves eye down and out
67
Q

CN-6

A

Abducens

  • pons to lateral rectus muscle
  • abducts the eye, lateral eye movement
68
Q

LR6SO4 and all the rest are 3

A

Lateral rectus moves CN-6
SO4 is trochlear nerve superior oblique

all the rest of eye movements are CN3

69
Q

CN-5

A

Trigeminal nerve

  • Opthalmic
  • Maxillary
  • Mandibular

Sharp Dull, Clench jaw and blink reflex

70
Q

CN-7

A

Facial
-pons to internal acoustic meatus

Facial expression, salivation, taste to anterior 2/3

also: motor to posterior digastric and stapedius

71
Q

Where does the facial nerve go through

A

Internal acoustic meatus() and stylomastoid foramen

72
Q

paralysis in the stylomastoid formmen is due to what nerve

A

facial

73
Q

CN-9

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

-medulla through jugular foramen to target areas

-STYLOPHARnGEUS muscle
-Salivates parasympathetic of parotid gland
-Taste/touch to posterior 1/3 of tongue
Baroreceptors to carotid bodies

74
Q

what is the only muscle in back of throat innervated by CN

A

-STYLOPHARnGEUS muscle

75
Q

What does taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

CN7

76
Q

What does touch to anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

CN5 (v3)

77
Q

What does taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN9

78
Q

What does touch to posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

CN9

79
Q

everything from epiglotis back is what?

A

CN-10

80
Q

What nerve moves the tongue out, down and in

A

CN 12

81
Q

What moves the tongue up

A

CN10

82
Q

CN 7 does sense of what?

A

taste to front 1/3: salty/sweet

83
Q

CN 9 does what?

A

back 1/3 of taste bitter/sour

84
Q

CN-8

A

Vestibulocochlear/Auditory nerve
-Pons(medulla) through the internal acoustic meatus to the inner ear

  • Cochlear: hearing to cochlea
  • Vestibular: balance to utricle, sacculus and semicircular canals
85
Q

What type of nystagmus is pathologic

A

horizontal: vestibular-vestibular neuronitis of 8th CN=vertigo

Vertical: brainstem dz/hypoxia

86
Q

Where is perilymph, what is it rich in

where is endolymph, what is it rich in

A

Perilymph: outside of cell, sodium

Endolymph: inside cell, potassium

87
Q

Cochlea what does it have and what does it do?

A

contains perilymph and endolymph

does hearing works with sodium potassium movement to create action potential

88
Q

what is the organ of corti

A

helps with sense of hearing

located in middle of cochlea

89
Q

where does the auditory cortex lie

A

superior temporal gyrus on side of head

90
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do and what is it stimulated by

A

Stimulated by medial genegulate body to say you heard something

91
Q

What does the association areas do

A

stimulated by primary auditory cortex and thalamic assn. areas to store sounds you have heard in the past

92
Q

Lateral geniculate body does what

medial geniculate?

A

L=vision

M=hearing

93
Q

vestibular system

A

for balance, action potentials here do this so they have peri and endo lymph

94
Q

CN-10

A

Vagus
-medulla to juglar foramen to pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach, spleen, liver, kidney, intestines

-Taste of epiglotitis
-Swallowing
-lifts palate
-Talk: larynx
-gag reflex
elevates tongue

95
Q

what muscle elevates the tongue that is innervated by the CN12

A

palatoglossus

96
Q

CN-11

A

Spinal accessory
-comes off upper cervical nerve roots (vental hornes) up through foramen magnum and to the medulla and out the jugular foramen

-Motor to SCM and Traps(moves head forward for rotation)

97
Q

CN-12

A

Hypoglossal
-medula to hypoglossal canal to tongue

-Speech, swallowing, all motion of tongue up which is CN-10

98
Q

The right hemisphere does what

A

facial expression and body language

99
Q

The left hemisphere

A

speaking and language

100
Q

lesions in left hemisphere can cause what

A

aphasia

101
Q

what are two areas in the left hemisphere and what do they cause if there is a lesion there

A

Wernickies: sensory aphasia (word salad)

Broca’s area: motor aphasia (hear you but cant say the words, broca is broken)

Cytokines (9 decks)

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