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A&P I > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 steps of nervous function?

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor output
    (SIM)
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2
Q

What are the 2 basic parts of the whole (integrated) nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What are nerves made of?

A

Bundles of axons

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4
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Small clusters of neuron cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A
  1. Afferent (sensory)

2. Efferent (motor)

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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic nervous system

2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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7
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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8
Q

What does the PNS (peripheral nervous system) do?

What is it made of?

A

Communicates btw the CNS and the rest of the body

Made of cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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9
Q

What is the sensory (afferent) difision of the PNS made of?

A

Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers

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10
Q

What is the motor (efferent) division of the PNS made of?

A

Motor nerve fibers

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11
Q

How do the sensory (afferent) division and the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system work together?

A

Sensory (afferent) picks up messages in receptors and transmits signals to the CNS
Motor (efferent) takes messages from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) if action is required

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12
Q

Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

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13
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

It conducts impulses from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles

CNS –> skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

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15
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

Conducts impulses from the CNS to involuntary muscles, e.g. cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands

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16
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) do?

A

It mobilizes body systems during activity

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17
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) do?

A

It conserves energy - housekeeping functions performed at rest

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18
Q

What is the enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

The “brain of the gut”

Senses change in GI tract and controls GI smooth muscle and glands involuntarily

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19
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of a neuron?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
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20
Q

What are Nissl bodies? What part of the neuron are they found in?

A

Clusters of endoplasmic reticulum - sites of protein synthesis
In the cell body of a neuron

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21
Q

What do microtubules do in the cell body of a neuron?

A

Microtubules move materials between the cell body and the axon

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22
Q

What part of the axon is the trigger zone?

A

Initial segment of axon where impulses arise

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23
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The communication site between

  1. a neuron and
  2. an effector cell (another neuron, a muscle fiber, a gland, etc.)
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24
Q

What is the difference between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons?

A

of dendrites/processes
Unipolar - one process formed by fusion of axon and dendrite (pain receptors of skin)
Bipolar - one dendrite and one axon (special senses)
Multipolar - multiple dendrites (brain and spinal cord)

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25
Q

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are all example of cells found in the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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26
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Support metabolic and functional needs of neurons

Forms blood-brain barrier (protects neurons)

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27
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin sheath in CNS

28
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Phagocytic cells of CNS

29
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

They line fluid-filled cavities and help produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

30
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglia found in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. Satellite cells

31
Q

What do Schwann cells do in the PNS?

A

They cover axons or produce myelin sheath in the PNS

32
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies in ganglia, maintaining the proper environment for neurons

33
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Spaces btw myelin sheaths
Increases speed of impulse conduction
Saltatory effect (jumping)

34
Q

Why is white matter white?

A

Myelin sheaths

35
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

Cell bodies (of neurons)
Dendrites
Unmyelinated axons

36
Q

Spinal cord vs. brain - gray/white matter superficial/deep?

A

Spinal cord: gray = deep, white = superficial

Brain: white = deep, gray = superficial

37
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

Branches off of the main the axon of a neuron - the branches go to other cells. These axon collaterals end in axon terminals of their own.

38
Q

What are axon terminals? Aka telodendria?

telo-dendria

A

Branched ENDS of axons

39
Q

When dendrites receive incoming messages TOWARD the cell body of the neuron, what kind of electrical signals are they? Action potential or graded potential?

A

Graded potential

40
Q

What is a nerve fiber?

A

A long axon, like the ones that stretch from your spinal cord to your feet

41
Q

What is the axolemma of an axon?

A

The plasma membrane of the axon

42
Q

What is the synaptic end bulb of an axon?

A

It’s the bulb-shaped end of the axon terminal that forms synapses with the effectors/post-synaptic neurons

43
Q

What do synaptic vesicles carry?

A

Neurotransmitters

44
Q

What is axonal transport?

A

Recycling trucks - transport of used materials back to cell body for recycling

45
Q

What special neurological ability does the hippocampus have in the brain that distinguishes it from other areas of the brain and spine (CNS)?

A

Hippocampus can generate new neurons - important for learning
Rest of CNS can’t generate new neurons

46
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Part of axon repair - distal axon deteriorates and cell eats itself (macrophages)

47
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

Electrical voltage difference across a membrane

  • Due to differing concentration of ions
  • Lipid bilayer is such a good insulator that it keeps the charges separate
48
Q

What type of ion channels are leakage channels?

A

They open channels for specific ions

49
Q

What type of ion channels are chemically-gated channels?

A

Open or close in response to particular chemical stimulus, e.g. neurotransmitters or hormones

50
Q

What type of ion channels are mechanic-gated channels?

A

Open or close in response to mechanical forces (pressure, sound waves, stretching…)

51
Q

What type of ion channels are voltage-gated channels?

A

They open or close in response to a change in membrane potential.

52
Q

Is a resting neuron more negative on the inside, or more positive on the inside (as compared to the outside environment)?

A

Neuron is more negative inside

53
Q

What is the resting membrane potential? What is the average value of it in mV?

A

Difference in charge btw inside and outside the axon of neuron
-70 mV

54
Q

Outside of neuron, do we see more sodium or potassium?

A

Sodium ions (positive)

55
Q

Inside of the axon of a neuron, do we see more sodium or potassium?

A

Potassium ions (positive) with bigger negatively charged protein, so overall charge is negative

56
Q

Sodium potassium pump - which goes ion goes into the cell, and which goes out?

A

2 potassium ions in
3 sodium ions out
Overall positive flow outward

57
Q

What is an action potential?

A

When there is a big enough difference in membrane potential to trigger voltage gated channels
Achieved by depolarizing resting neuron

58
Q

What is the threshold voltage?

A

-55 mV

59
Q

What is depolarization?

A

So much sodium rushes in b/c voltage-gated sodium channels have opened that the cell becomes depolarized (goes positive inside)

60
Q

What is repolarization?

A

After depolarization, voltage-gated potassium ions open, potassium flows out, but too much to hyperpolarization, then sodium potassium pumps kick in and bring things back to resting

61
Q

What are the 2 ways that action potentials can be propagated? Which is faster?

A

Continuous propagation or saltatory (leaping) propogation. Saltatory is faster b/c it jumps from one Node of Ranvier to another

62
Q

What is the difference between A, B, and C nerve fibers? Relative size (small-med-large)? Speed? Are they myelinated?

A

A - largest, myelinated, fastest
B - medium, myelinated
C - smallest, unmyelinated, slowest

63
Q

Do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane?

A

ESPS depolarizes

64
Q

Do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (ISPS) depolarize or hyperpolarize the cell membrane?

A

ISPS hyperpolarizes

65
Q

What is the synaptic delay?

A

The time lag between conversion from electrical to chemical signal and then back again

A&P I (11 decks)

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