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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Nervous System III > Flashcards

Nervous System III Flashcards

1
Q

The PNS has _____ receptors, ________ nerves and associated ganglia, and motor ______

A

Sensory; peripheral; motor endings

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2
Q

Sensory receptors are specialized to respond to changes in their environment, which is a ______

A

stimuli

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3
Q

Activation of sensory receptors result in ______ ______ that trigger nerve impulses

A

graded potentials

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4
Q

______ (awareness of stimulus) and _____ (interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus) occur in the brain

A

Sensation and perception

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5
Q

_______, a stimulus type, respond to stretch in ______ muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue

A

Proprioceptors; skeletal

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6
Q

_______ inform the brain of one’s movements

A

Proprioceptors

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7
Q

Complex receptors: two neuron chain. Just a note.

A

:)

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8
Q

______ receptors: vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

A

Complex

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9
Q

_____ receptors are for the special senses, and ______ receptor are for the general senses

A

Complex;simple

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10
Q

______ receptors can have _______ or ______ dendritic endings

A

Simple receptors; unencapsulated or encapsulated

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11
Q

Nociceptors respond to _____

A

Pain

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12
Q

______ respond to: pinching, chemicals from damaged tissue, temperatures outside the range of thermoreceptors; capsaicin

A

Nociceptors

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13
Q

______ ____ receptors are tactile(merkel) discs, and have hair follicle receptors

A

Light touch

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14
Q

All encapsulated dendritic endings are ________

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

_____, a mechanoreceptor, have discriminative touch

A

Meissner’s

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16
Q

_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep pressure and vibration

A

Pacinian

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17
Q

_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor deep continuous pressure

A

Ruffini endings

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18
Q

_____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor muscle stretch

A

Muscle spindles

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19
Q

_____ ____ ____, a mechanoreceptor, monitor stretch in tendons

A

Golgi tendon organs

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20
Q

____ ____ ___, a mecanorecptor, monitor stretch in articular capsules

A

joint kinesthetic receptors

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21
Q

In sensory integration, input comes from ______, _______, and ______

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors.

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22
Q

Levels of neural integration in sensory systems:

  1. ______ level
  2. ______ level
  3. ______ level
A

receptor level; circuit level; perceptual level;

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23
Q

of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors the sensor receptors?

A

Receptor level

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24
Q

of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors ascending pathways?

A

Circuit level

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25
Q

of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?

A

Perceptual level

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26
Q

of the levels of neural integration, which level monitors neuronal circuits in the cerebral cortex?

A

Perceptual level

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27
Q

_______ (fast-adapting) receptors signal the beginning or end of a stimulus

A

Phasic

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28
Q

_____ receptors adapt slowly or not at all

A

Tonic

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29
Q

Examples of Tonic receptors:

A

Nociceptors and most proprioceptors

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30
Q

Examples of phasic receptors:

A

pressure, touch, and smell

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31
Q

Pathways of _____ neurons conduct sensory impulses upward to the appropriate brain regions when processing at the circuit level

A

three

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32
Q

Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Conduct impulses from the receptor level to the second-order neurons in the CNS”

A

First order

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33
Q

Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Transmit impulses to the thalamus or cerebellum
“

A

Second order

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34
Q

Which order neuron is this (circuit level)? “Conduct impulses from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex (perceptual level)”

A

Third-order

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35
Q

With the perception of pain, impulses travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters _______ and _____ _

A

Glutamate; substance P

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36
Q

Some pain impulses are blocked by inhibitory endogenous _____

A

opioids

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37
Q

With the perception of pain, stimuli include extreme pressure and temperature, ______, K+, ATP, acids, and ________ (vasodilator protein)

A

Histamine; bradykinin

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38
Q

The nerve is a ______ organ of the PNS

A

Cordlike

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39
Q

A nerve is a bundle of ______ and _______ peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

A

Myelinated; unmyelinated

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40
Q

Structure of a nerve includes the _______, ________, and epineurium

A

Endoneurium, perineurium

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41
Q

_______: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin sheaths

A

Endoneurium

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42
Q

______: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles

A

Perineurium

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43
Q

_______: tough fibrous sheath around a nerve

A

epineurium

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44
Q

Most nerves are mixtures of ______ and ______ fibers, and _______ and autonomic fibers

A

Afferent; efferent; somatic; autonomic

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45
Q

Somatic afferent is sensory or motor?

A

sensory

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46
Q

Somatic efferent is sensory or motor?

A

Motor

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47
Q

Visceral efferent is motor or sensory?

A

Motor

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48
Q

Visceral afferent is sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

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49
Q

Peripheral nerves are classified as _____ or _____ nerves

A

Cranial or spinal

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50
Q

Is the dorsal root ganglia sensory somatic?

A

Yes

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51
Q

IS the autonomic ganglia motor visceral?

A

Yes

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52
Q

Mature neurons are _____

A

Amitotic

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53
Q

If the soma of a damaged nerve is intact the _____ will regenerate

A

Axon

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54
Q

______ remove debris

A

Macrophages

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55
Q

______ ____ form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors

A

Schwann cells

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56
Q

CNS oligodendrocytes bear growth-inhibiting proteins that ______ CNS fiber regeneration

A

Prevent

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57
Q

The olfactory nerves arise from the olfactory receptor cells of the _____ cavity

A

nasal

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58
Q

Olfactory nerves pass through the ______ plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Cribiform

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59
Q

With olfactory nerves, fibers synapse in the _____ ____

A

olfactory bulbs

60
Q

With the olfactory nerves, the pathway termites in the primary _____ _____

A

olfactory cortex

61
Q

The olfactory nerves are purely _____

A

sensory

62
Q

The optic nerves arise from the _____

A

retinas

63
Q

The optic nerves pass through the ____ ____, converge, and then partially cross over at the _____ ____

A

optic canals; optic chiasma

64
Q

With optic nerves, optic tracts continue to the _______, where they synapse

A

Thalamus

65
Q

With optic nerves, optic radiation fibers run to the _______ cortex

A

occipital

66
Q

Optic nerves are purely _____

A

sensory

67
Q

With Oculomotor Nerves, the fibers extend from the ventral ______ through the superior orbital fissures to the _____ eye muscles

A

midbrain; extrinsic

68
Q

Oculomotor Nerves function in raising the _____, directing the ____, and constricting the _____

A

eyelid; eyeball; iris

69
Q

Constricting the iris is a function of the oculomotor nerves, and this function is _______

A

Parasympathetic

70
Q

Trochlear nerves start from the dorsal _____, enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures and innervate the _____ oblique muscle

A

Midbrain; superior oblique

71
Q

Trochlear nerves are primarily a ____ nerve that direct the eyeball

A

Motor

72
Q

Which cranial nerves are the largest?

A

Trigeminal

73
Q

Which cranial nerves are the largest?

A

Trigeminal

74
Q

Trigeminal nerve fivers extend from ______ to face

A

Pons

75
Q

The three divisions of the trigeminal nerves are ______, ______, and ______

A

Ophthalmic; maxillary; mandibular

76
Q

Trigeminal nerves convey _____ ____ from various areas of the face (V1 and V2), and supplies motor fibers for (V3) for ________

A

sensory impulses; mastication

77
Q

The abducen nerve fibers start at the inferior _____ and enter the orbits via the superior orbital fissures

A

Pons

78
Q

The abducens nerve is primarily ______, innervating the lateral _____ muscle

A

motor; lateral rectus muscle

79
Q

Facial nerve fibers start at the _____, travel through the internal acoustic meatuses, and emerge through the stylomastoid foramina to the ______ aspect of the face

A

Pons; Lateral

80
Q

Motor functions of the facial nerves include facial expression, and parasympathetic impulses to _____ and ____ glands

A

Lacrimal; salivary

81
Q

Facial nerves have a sensory function of taste from _____ of the tongue

A

2/3

82
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerves have _____ fibers from the hearing _____ and _______ receptors

A

afferent; hearing receptors; equilibrium receptors

83
Q

The vestibulocochlear nerve has a mostly _____ function

A

sensory

84
Q

With the glossopharyngeal nerve, fibers from the _____ leave the skull via the jugular foramen and run to the throat

A

Medulla

85
Q

Glosso nerves have ____ functions, including innervating part of the tongue and pharynx for ______

A

motor; swallowing

86
Q

Glosso nerves have ____ functions: fibers conduct _____ and _____ sensory impulses

A

Sensory; taste and general

87
Q

The vagus nerve is the only cranial nerve that extends beyond the _____ and ____ region

A

head and neck

88
Q

With vagus nerves, fibers from the _____ exit the skull via the jugular foramen

A

medulla

89
Q

Vagus nerves are mostly _____ fibers, and are parasympathetic fibers that help regulate the activities of the ____, _____, and abdominal viscera

A

Motor; heart; lungs

90
Q

Vagus nerves have _____ fibers the carry impulses from the ______ and _____ viscera

A

sensory; thoracic and abdominal viscera

91
Q

Accessory nerves are formed from _____ _____ from the C1-C5 region of the spinal cord

A

ventral rootlets

92
Q

Accessory nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramina to innervate the _______ and __________ musclees

A

Trapezius; sternocleidomastoid

93
Q

Hypoglossal nerve fibers start in the _____ and exit the skull via the hypoglossal canal

A

medulla

94
Q

Hypoglossal nerves innervate ______ and ____ muscles of the tongue that contribute to swallowing and _____

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic; speech

95
Q

the Pons contains the _____ center and the ______ center

A

sleep; respiratory

96
Q

The midbrain consists of ______ colliculi

A

four

97
Q

The midbrain has ___ superior colliculi and ___ inferior colliculi

A

Two and two

98
Q

The superior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for _____ reflexes

A

visual

99
Q

The inferior colliculi of the midbrain is responsible for ____ reflexes

A

auditory

100
Q

There are ____ spinal nerves

A

31

101
Q

There are __ cervical spinal nerves through C_ and C_

A

8; c1-c8

102
Q

There are __ thoracic nerves through T_ through T_

A

12; T1-T12

103
Q

There are __ lumbar nerves through L1-L5

A

5

104
Q

There are __ sacral nerves

A

5

105
Q

There is _ coccygeal nerve

A

1; c0

106
Q

Which plexuses go through C1-C8?

A

Cervical and Brachial

107
Q

Which plexus goes through L1-L5?

A

Lumbar

108
Q

Which plexus goes through S1-S5?

A

Sacral

109
Q

Each ____ ___ connects to the spinal cord via two roots

A

spinal nerve

110
Q

In spinal nerves, ventral roots contain motor (_____) fibers from the ventral horn motor neurons

A

Efferent

111
Q

In ventral roots, fibers innervate _____ muscles

A

skeletal

112
Q

In spinal nerves, dorsal roots contain sensory (____) fibers from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia

A

afferent

113
Q

_____ and ______ roots unite to form spinal nerves, which then emerge from the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramina

A

Dorsal and ventral

114
Q

Each spinal nerve branches into mixed ___

A

rami

115
Q

All ventral rami except the Thoracic region form interlacing nerve networks called ______

A

plexuses

116
Q

The ventral rami of the Thoracic region act as intercostal nerves that apply _____ of the ribs

A

muscles

117
Q

The cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami if C_ to C_

A

c1-c4

118
Q

The Cervical plexus innervates skin and muscles the neck, ear, back of head, and _____

A

shoulders

119
Q

The cervical plexus contains the ____ nerve

A

Phrenic

120
Q

The ____ nerve, located in the cervical plexus, is a major motor and sensory nerve of the ____

A

diaphragm

121
Q

The ____ plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C5-C8 and T1

A

Brachial

122
Q

The _____ plexus gives rise to the nerves that innervate the upper limb

A

brachial

123
Q

Brachial plexus: nerves.

The _____ nerve: innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder

A

Axillary

124
Q

Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm

A

musculocutaneous

125
Q

Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand

A

median

126
Q

Within the brachial plexus, the _____ supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand

A

ulnar

127
Q

Within the brachial plexus, the _____ nerve: innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb

A

radial

128
Q

which plexus innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle?

A

Lumbar

129
Q

The ____ plexus arises from L1-L4

A

lumbar

130
Q

Which plexus contains the femoral nerve??

A

Lumbar

131
Q

Which nerve innervates the quadriceps and skin of the anterior thigh and medial surface of the leg?

A

Femoral

132
Q

Which nerve passes through the obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles?

A

Obturator

133
Q

Which plexus arises from L4 to S4?

A

Sacral

134
Q

Which plexus serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures and perineum?

A

Sacral

135
Q

Which plexus contains the sciatic nerve?

A

Sacral

136
Q

Which nerve is the thickest and longest in the body?

A

Sciatic

137
Q

Which nerve innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot?

A

Sciatic

138
Q

_______ is the area of skin innervates by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve

A

Dermatome

139
Q

Which spinal nerve doesn’t participate in dermatomes?

A

C1

140
Q

Do dermatomes overlap?

A

Yes

141
Q

Where does innervation of skeletal muscle take place?

A

At the neuromuscular junction

142
Q

For innervation of skeletal muscle, which neurotransmitter is needed?

A

Acetylcholine

143
Q

ACh binds to receptors, causing movement of ___ and ___

A

Na+ and K+

144
Q

ACh binds to receptors, causing _____ of the muscle cell

A

Depolarization

145
Q

ACh binds to receptors causing an end plate potential, which triggers an ____ ___

A

Action potential

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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