Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves will be on the final

A

STUDY CRANIAL NERVES

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2
Q

The midbrain, pons, medulla, and oblongata make up the ____ _____

A

Brain Stem

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3
Q

The spinal cord is the ____ _____ surrounded by a gray matter core

A

Central Cavity

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4
Q

The spinal cord has an external ____ _____ composed of ________ fiber tracts

A

white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts

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5
Q

In the spinal cord, the central cavity is surrounded by a ____ ____ core

A

Gray matter

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6
Q

The ventricles of the brain are lined by ______ cells

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Ventricles of the brain contain _____ _____

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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8
Q

The ventricles of the brain have two C-shaped ____ ____ in the cerebral hemispheres

A

Lateral ventricles

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9
Q

The ____ ventricle of the brain is in the diencephalon

A

third

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10
Q

Which ventricle is in the diencephalon?

A

Third

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11
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle located?

A

Hindbrain

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12
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

The diencephalon

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13
Q

The fourth ventricle of the brain is found in the _____, dorsal to the pons

A

Hindbrain

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14
Q

The ridges of the brain are called ____

A

gyri

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15
Q

The shallow grooves of the brain are called ____

A

sulci

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16
Q

The deep grooves of the brain are called _____

A

fissures

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17
Q

List the five lobes of the brain

A
Frontal,
parietal,
occipital,
temporal,
insula.
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18
Q

Fissures are ____ grooves

A

Deep

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19
Q

Sulci are _____ grooves

A

shallow

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20
Q

Gyri are the _____ of the brain

A

ridges

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21
Q

Gyri are the ____ of gray matter cortex, and sulci are the _____ of gray matter cortex

A

Hills; Valleys

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22
Q

Cerebral brain tissue has an increase in the surface area thanks to __-______

A

in-foldings

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23
Q

The ____ _____ separates the pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe and post central gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

Central Sulcus

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24
Q

The longitudinal tissue separates the __ ______

A

two hemispheres

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25
Q

The _____ ____ fissure separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

Transverse cerebral fissure

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26
Q

Slide 15 is important, do more slides

A

:)

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27
Q

The ____ _____ is the site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation…

A

Cerebral cortex

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28
Q

The cerebral cortex has three types of functional areas. What are they?

A

Motor, sensory, association

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29
Q

The ____ area of the cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement

A

Motor

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30
Q

The _____ areas of the cerebral cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of sensation

A

Sensory

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31
Q

The _______ areas of the cerebral cortex integrates diverse information

A

Association areas

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32
Q

The primary motor cortex is composed of large _____ ____ of the _____ gyri

A

pyramidal cells of the pre central gyri

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33
Q

The primary motor cortex allows ____ ____ of precise, skilled voluntary movements

A

Conscious control

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34
Q

The ____ ____ is anterior to the pre central gyrus

A

premotor cortex

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35
Q

The _____ ____ controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills

A

Premotor cortex

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36
Q

The ____ ____ is involved in the planning of movements that depend on sensory feedback

A

Premotor Cortex

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37
Q

Broca’s area is present in one hemisphere, usually the ____

A

Left

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38
Q

Broca’s Area is a ____ ___ area that directs muscles of the _____

A

motor speech, muscles of the tongue

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39
Q

_____ ____ is active as one prepares to speak

A

Broca’s Area

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40
Q

The frontal eye field controls ______ ____ ____

A

voluntary eye movements

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41
Q

Does the frontal eye field control involuntary eye movements?

A

No, voluntary.

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42
Q

The ______ ______ _____ is in the post central gyri

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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43
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex receives _____ _____ from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

A

sensory information

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44
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is capable of _____ ______

A

spacial discrimination

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45
Q

____ ____: identification of body region being stimulated

A

Spatial discrimination

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46
Q

Which cortex integrates sensory input from the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Somatosensory ASSOCIATION cortex

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47
Q

Which cortex determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt

A

Somatosensory association cortex

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48
Q

In visual areas, the primary visual cortex is at the tip of the _____ lobe

A

occipital

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49
Q

The primary visual cortex receives visual information from the ____

A

retinas

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50
Q

The visual association area surrounds the _____ _____ cortex

A

Primary visual

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51
Q

The visual association area uses past visual experiences to interpret ____ _____

A

visual stimuli

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52
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Superior margin of the temporal lobes

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53
Q

The primary auditory cortex interprets information from the inner ear such as _____, ____, and location

A

pitch; loudness

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54
Q

The auditory association area is located ______ to the primary auditory cortex

A

posterior

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55
Q

The auditory association area stores ______ of sounds

A

Memories

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56
Q

The ______ cortex is found in the medial aspect of temporal lobes

A

Olfactory

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57
Q

The olfactory cortez is the region of conscious awareness of _____

A

odors

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58
Q

The gustatory cortex is found in the ______ lobe

A

insula

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59
Q

Which cortex is involved in the perception of taste?

A

Gustatory cortex

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60
Q

The ____ _____ area is the conscious perception of visceral sensations….i.e ______ or a full bladder

A

Visceral sensory area; upset stomach

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61
Q

The ______ cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of balance

A

Vestibular

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62
Q

Which cortex is responsible for conscious awareness of balance?

A

Vestibular cortex

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63
Q

Which cortex is the most complicated cortical region?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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64
Q

Which cortex is involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

A

Prefrontal cortex

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65
Q

The prefrontal cortex contains ____ memory

A

working

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66
Q

The prefrontal cortex is also called the ____ _____ area

A

Anterior association area

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67
Q

The posterior association area is a large region in the _____, _____, and ____ lobes

A

Temporal, parietal, and occipital

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68
Q

Which area plays are role in recognizing patterns and faces?

A

Posterior association

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69
Q

The ____ association area is involved in understanding written and spoken language (______ area)

A

posterior; wernicke’s area

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70
Q

The ______ association area provides emotional impact that helps establish memories

A

Limbic

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71
Q

______ is the division of labor between hemispheres

A

Lateralization

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72
Q

The _____ hemisphere controls language, math, and logic

A

Left

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73
Q

The _____ hemisphere is insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills

A

Right

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74
Q

The left and right hemispheres communicate via ____ tracts in the cerebral ______ matter

A

Fiber tracts; cerebral white matter

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75
Q

Cerebral white matter has ______ fibers

A

myelinated

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76
Q

Cerebral white matter is responsible for _____

A

communication

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77
Q

In cerebral white matter, _______ connect gray matter of the two hemispheres

A

Commissures

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78
Q

In cerebral white matter, _______ fibers connect different parts of the same hemisphere

A

Association fibers

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79
Q

In cerebral white matter, _______ fibers connect the hemispheres with the lower brain or spinal cord

A

Projection fibers

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80
Q

Basal Nuclei is functionally associated the sub thalamic nuclei (______) and the sustantia nigra (____)

A

Diencephalon; midbrain

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81
Q

Basal nuclei influences _____ ______

A

muscular control

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82
Q

Basal nuclei helps regulate ______ and ______

A

attention and cognition

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83
Q

Basal nuclei regulates the ______ of slow or stereotyped movements

A

intensity

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84
Q

Basal nuclei______ antagonistic and unnecessary movements

A

INHIBIT

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85
Q

The medulla oblongata forms part of the ventral wall of the _____ ventricle

A

Fourth

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86
Q

The ___ ______ contains a choroid plexus of the _____ ventricle

A

Medulla oblongata; fourth ventricle

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87
Q

The medulla oblongata has decussation of the pyramids- crossover of the ________ tracts

A

Corticospinal tracts

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88
Q

The Medulla oblongata has inferior olivary _____, which relays sensory information

A

Nuclei

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89
Q

The medulla oblongata has ____ _____ VIII, X, and XII, which are associated with the medulla

A

Cranial nerves

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90
Q

In the medulla oblongata, the vestibular nuclear complex mediates responses that maintain _______

A

equilibrium

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91
Q

Several nuclei in the _____ ____ relay sensory information

A

medulla oblongata

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92
Q

The medulla oblongata has autonomic ______ centers

A

reflex

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93
Q

The ____ ____ has a cardiovascular center

A

medulla oblongata

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94
Q

The cardiac center of the medulla oblongata adjusts _____ and ____ of heart contractions

A

force and rate

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95
Q

The cardiovascular system of the medulla oblongata has a ______ center, which adjust blood vessel ____

A

vasomotor; adjusts blood vessel diameter

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96
Q

The ____ ______ has a respiratory center

A

Medulla Oblongata

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97
Q

The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata generates respiratory ______

A

rhythm

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98
Q

The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata control the ____ and ______ of breathing

A

rate and depth

99
Q

Heart rate, respiration, coughing, and vomiting use cranial nerve ____

A

X

100
Q

Swallowing uses cranial nerve __

A

IX

101
Q

Hearing and balance uses cranial nerve ___

A

VIII

102
Q

Tongue movement uses cranial nerve ____

A

XII

103
Q

Neck movement uses ___

A

XI

104
Q

cranial nerve IX is uses for _____

A

swallowing

105
Q

Cranial nerve VIII is used for _____ and _____

A

hearing and balance

106
Q

Cranial nerve XII is used for ____ ____

A

tongue movement

107
Q

Cranial nerve XI is used for ____ ____

A

neck movement

108
Q

Cranial nerve X is used for ____ ____, ______, _____, and _____

A

Heart rate, coughing, respiration, and vomiting

109
Q

The _____ forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle

A

Pons

110
Q

The ____ relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum

A

Pons

111
Q

The _____ is the origin of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII

A

Pons

112
Q

V is a _____ cranial nerve

A

trigeminal

113
Q

VI is a _____ cranial nerve

A

abducens

114
Q

VII is a _____ cranial nerve

A

facial

115
Q

In the _____, there is nuclei that help maintain normal rhythm of breathing

A

Pons

116
Q

The ____ is the bridge between the cerebrum and the cerebellum

A

Pons

117
Q

The pons contains the _____ center and the ______

A

sleep; respiratory

118
Q

The _____ is located between the diencephalon and the pons

A

Midbrain

119
Q

The midbrain has cerebral ______ and cerebral _____

A

peduncles; aqueduct

120
Q

In the Midbrain, cerebral peduncles contain pyramidal ____ ____

A

motor tracts

121
Q

In the Midbrain, the cerebral aqueduct is the channel between the ____ and ____ ventricles

A

third and fourth

122
Q

The midbrain nuclei control the cranial nerves ____ and _____

A

III and IV

123
Q

III cranial nerve is ______

A

oculomotor

124
Q

the IV cranial nerve is the ____

A

trochlear

125
Q

The midbrain nuclei contains the ____ _____

A

corpora quadrigemina

126
Q

In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has a ______ colliculi and a _______ colliculi

A

superior; inferior

127
Q

In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has a superior colliculi, a ____ reflex center

A

visual

128
Q

In the midbrain nuclei, the corpora quadrigemina has an inferior colliculi, an _____ relay center

A

auditory

129
Q

The midbrain is the ______ region of the brainstem

A

smallest

130
Q

Which part of the brainstem is superior to the pons?

A

Midbrain

131
Q

The midbrain structure consists of how many colliculi?

A

Four

132
Q

The midbrain structure has ___ superior colliculi structures and ____ inferior colliculi structures

A

two; two

133
Q

The four colliculi in the midbrain are involved in creating _____ and _____ reflexes

A

visual and auditory

134
Q

The _____ is dorsal to the pons and medulla

A

Cerebullum

135
Q

The ______ subconsciously provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal contraction

A

Cerebellum

136
Q

The cerebellum has two hemispheres connected by ______

A

vermis

137
Q

_____: transversely oriented gyri

A

Folia

138
Q

____ ____ is the distinctive, treelike pattern of the cerebellar ____ matter

A

Arbor vitae- white

139
Q

The cerebellum receives impulses from the _____ cortex

A

cerebral

140
Q

Signals from proprioceptors and visual and ______ pathways continuously “inform” the cerebellum of the body’s position and momentum

A

equilibrium

141
Q

In the cerebellum, the _____ cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate a muscle contraction

A

cerebellar cortex

142
Q

In cerebellar processing for motor activity, a “blueprint” of coordinated movement is sent to the _____ ____ cortex and to brain stem nuclei

A

Cerebral motor

143
Q

The _______ has a cognitive function of recognizing and predicting sequences of events during complex movements

A

Cerebellum

144
Q

The _____ plays a role in nonmotor functions such as word association and puzzle solving

A

Cerebellum

145
Q

Which main part of the brain helps with word association and puzzle solving?

A

Cerebellum

146
Q

Arbor Vitae…..or, the tree of life, is basically ____ ____

A

white matter

147
Q

The diencephalon has three paired structures, _______, _______, ______

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

148
Q

The diencephalon encloses the _____ ventricle

A

Third

149
Q

What contains 80% of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

150
Q

Does the thalamus contain one nuclei?

A

No, contains several

151
Q

In the _______, located in the diencephalon, nuclei project and receive fibers from the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

152
Q

The ______, located in the diencephalon, is connected by the intermediate mass

A

Thalamus

153
Q

The _______, located in the diencephalon, sorts, edits, and relays information

A

Thalamus

154
Q

The thalamus is the _____ to the cerebral cortex

A

gateway

155
Q

The ______ mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

A

Thalamus

156
Q

“Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body” This is talking about the ______, located in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

157
Q

“Impulses from the hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function” This is talking about the ______, located in the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

158
Q

In the thalamus, most sensory input coming through the ____ ____ of the brain stem goes to the thalamus

A

spinal cord

159
Q

Which sensory neuron does NOT go through the thalamus?

A

olfaction

160
Q

What does the thalamus influence?

A

Mood, and registers the perception of pain and memory

161
Q

In the thalamus, the medial geniculate nucleus is responsible for auditory or visual?

A

auditory

162
Q

In the thalamus, the lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for auditory or visual?

A

Visual

163
Q

Which part of the diencephalon is most dorsal?

A

Epithalamus

164
Q

The epithalamus contains the _____ gland

A

Pineal

165
Q

The pineal gland extends from the posterior border and secretes ______

A

melatonin

166
Q

Which part of the diencephalon contains the habenular nuclei?

A

Epithalamus

167
Q

The habenular nuclei, located in the epithalamus, is the ______ and ______ response to odors

A

emotional and visceral

168
Q

Does the hypothalamus contain many nuclei?

A

Yes

169
Q

The _______ is the stalk that connects toe the pituitary gland (located in the hypothalamus)

A

Infundibulum

170
Q

Function of hypothalamus: autonomic control center for many _____ functions (e.g blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat)

A

visceral

171
Q

Function of _____: center for emotional response, involved in perception of ______, ______, and ______

A

hypothalamus; pleasure, fear, and rage

172
Q

Function of hypothalamus: regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and ______

A

thirst

173
Q

Function of ________: regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst

A

hypothalamus

174
Q

Which part of the diencephalon regulates the sleep and sleep cycle?

A

Hypothalamus

175
Q

Which part of the diencephalon controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

176
Q

Which part of the diencephalon produces posterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

177
Q

The _______ is important for maintaining homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

178
Q

The hypothalamus controls ______ movement (heart rate, blood vessel diameter)

A

Autonomic

179
Q

The hypothalamus and the _____ system go hand in hand (central control for the release of hormones)

A

Endocrine

180
Q

Hypothalamus hormones include ______ and the ______ hormone

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic

181
Q

The frontal lobe:

Controls _____ motor functions

A

voluntary

182
Q

Which lobe is responsible for mood, motivation, and smell reception?

A

Frontal

183
Q

Cerebrum has how many lobes?

A

Four

184
Q

Is the cerebrum the largest part of the brain?

A

Yes

185
Q

The _____ lobe perceives sensory information

A

parietal

186
Q

The _____ lobe receives and perceives visual input

A

Occipital

187
Q

The temporal lobe is involved with ______ and ______ sensations

A

Auditory and olfactory

188
Q

The temporal lobe is involved with _____ creation

A

memory

189
Q

Which lobe is involved with memory creation?

A

Temporal

190
Q

Which lobe is involved with creation of abstract thought and judgment?

A

Temporal

191
Q

The Limbic system is on the medial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres and ______

A

diencephalon

192
Q

The limbic system contains the _______ and the ______ ______

A

amygdala and cingulate gyrus

193
Q

The amygdala recognizes _____ or _____ facial expressions, and assesses danger while eliciting the fear response

A

angry or fearful

194
Q

The cingulate gyrus plays a role in expressing _____ via gestures, and resolves mental conflict

A

emotions

195
Q

Which system in the brain puts emotional responses to odors? I.e skunks smell bad

A

Limbic system

196
Q

The limbic system interacts with the ______ lobes

A

Prefrontal

197
Q

Because the limbic system reacts with the prefrontal loves, we can react _______ to things we consciously understand to be happening

A

emotionally

198
Q

Because the limbic system reacts with the prefrontal loves, we are ________ aware of emotional richness in our lives

A

consciously

199
Q

In the limbic system, the _______ and _____ play a role in memory

A

hippocampus and amygdala

200
Q

The language implementation system includes ____ ____, broca’s area, and wernicke’s area (on left side)

A

Basal Nuclei

201
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin?

A

At the foramen magnum

202
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris

203
Q

Which vertebra does the spinal cord end at?

A

L2

204
Q

The ______ ____ contains spinal reflex centers

A

spinal cord

205
Q

The _____ ___ provides two way communication to and from the brain

A

spinal cord

206
Q

How many spinal nerve pairs does the spinal cord have?

A

31

207
Q

The ____ ____ in the spinal cord is the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal

A

cauda equina

208
Q

In the spinal cord, _____ and ____ enlargements are where nerves serving the upper and lower limbs emerge

A

cervical and lumbar

209
Q

Two lengthwise grooves divide the spinal cord into right and left halves, the ______ median fissure and _____ median sulcus

A

ventral and dorsal

210
Q

Gray _____ connects masses of gray matter

A

commissure

211
Q

DO slides 119-168

A

:)

212
Q

The ____ ____ is a layer of delicate vascularized connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

A

Pia Mater

213
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is a _______ solution, has less ____ and different ion concentrations than plasma

A

Watery, less protein

214
Q

Does cerebrospinal fluid have a constant volume?

A

Yes

215
Q

_____ _____ gives buoyancy to the CNS organs, and _____ the CNS from blows and other trauma

A

Cerebrospinal fluid; protects

216
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid ______ the brain and carries chemical signals

A

nourishes

217
Q

The _____ _____ produces CSF at a constant rate

A

Choroid Plexuses

218
Q

The Choroid plexuses hang from the roof of each ______

A

Ventricle

219
Q

The choroid plexuses have clusters of ______ enclosed by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells

A

capillaries

220
Q

_____ cells use ion pumps to control the composition of the CSF and help cleanse CSF by removing wastes

A

Ependymal

221
Q

The Blood-brain barrier helps maintain a _______ environment for the brain

A

stable

222
Q

The ____ ____ barrier separates neurons from some blood borne substances

A

blood brain

223
Q

The blood brain barrier has continuous _______ (of your blood cells) of capillary walls

A

endothelium

224
Q

The _____ ____ barrier is composes of basal lamina

A

Blood brain

225
Q

The blood brain barrier is the feet of _______

A

astrocytes

226
Q

The blood brain barrier provides signal to endothelium for the formation of _____ junctions

A

tight

227
Q

Does the blood brain barrier have a selective barrier?

A

Yes

228
Q

The Blood brain barrier allows nutrients to move by ______ _________

A

facilitated diffusion

229
Q

The blood brain barrier allows any fat-soluble substances to pass, including alcohol, nicotine, and ______

A

anesthetics

230
Q

The blood brain barrier is absent in the _______ center and the _______

A

vomiting; hypothalamus

231
Q

Cranial nerve I is:

A

olfactory (sensory)

232
Q

Cranial nerve II is:

A

Optic (sensory)

233
Q

Cranial nerve VIII is:

A

Vestibulocochlear (sensory)

234
Q

Cranial nerve IV is:

A

Trochlear (somatic)

235
Q

Cranial nerve VI is:

A

abducens (somatic)

236
Q

Cranial nerve XI is:

A

accessory (somatic)

237
Q

Cranial nerve XII is:

A

Hypoglossal (somatic)

238
Q

Cranial nerve V is:

A

Trigeminal (sensory and somatic)

239
Q

Describe cranial nerve IV

A

Move your eyes

240
Q

Describe cranial nerve VI

A

Eyes laterally

241
Q

Describe cranial nerve XI

A

Trapezius, shrugging

242
Q

Describe cranial nerve XII

A

Hypoglossal, below the tongue

243
Q

Describe cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal,