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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System and Senses > Flashcards

Nervous System and Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Define the central nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Define the peripheral nervous system

A

consists of cranial and spinal nerves; voluntary; relays information to the CNS

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3
Q

Define autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system; consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; involuntary nervous system

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4
Q

Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

dominant in stress situations; fight or flight response; increased heart rate, vasodialation in muscles, bronchioles dilate, liver supplies body with more energy, digestion slows, vasoconstriction in the skin and viscera

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5
Q

Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

dominates in non-stressful situations; normal functioning of organs; digestion will be efficient, defecation and urination may occur

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6
Q

Define neuron

A

cells comprising the nervous system

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7
Q

Define dendrite

A

extensions of a neuron that transmit impulses toward the cell body

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8
Q

Define axon

A

single extension of a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body

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9
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A

schwann cells wrap axons and dendrites in the PNS; layers called myelin sheath; insulates cell from other neurons; stimulate regeneration

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10
Q

Define nodes of Ranvier

A

the part of the neuron cell membrane that carry the electrical impulse

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11
Q

Define neurolemma

A

the nuclei and cytoplasm of the schwann cells located outside the myelin sheath

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12
Q

Define neuroglia

A

provide supporting framework for neural tissue, regulate the environment around neurons, and act as phagocytes

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13
Q

Define synapse

A

small gap between an axon and a dendrite

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14
Q

Define neurotransmitter

A

in response to the arrival of an electrical signal, neurotransmitters are released and diffuse accross the synapse to chemical receptors

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15
Q

Define acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular joints, in the CNS and PNS

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16
Q

What is a neuron not carrying an electrical impulse considered to be?

A

polarized

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17
Q

Describe the charges of a polarized neuron

A

positive on the outside of the cell and negative on the inside

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18
Q

What happens to a neuron once it receives stimulus from a neurotransmitter and Na+ ions rush into the cell?

A

depolarization

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19
Q

What happens to a neuron once K+ rushes out of the cell?

A

repolarization

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20
Q

Describe the late stage of the repolarization of a neuron

A

sodium/potassium pumps return Na+ ions outside and K+ inside

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21
Q

Define sensory neurons

A

carry impulses from receptors to the CNS

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22
Q

Define motor neurons

A

carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

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23
Q

Define interneurons

A

only found in the CNS; carry motor or sensory impulses

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24
Q

Define nerve

A

group of axons and/or dendrites of many neurons with blood vessels and connective tissue

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25
Q

Define nerve tract

A

groups of neurons within the CNS; also called white matter

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26
Q

State the function and cranial nerve number of the Oculomotor nerve

A

3; movement of the eyeball, constriction of the pupil

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27
Q

State the function and cranial nerve number of the Vagus nerve

A

10; sensory for cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure relexes; decreases heart rate; increases digestive secretions

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28
Q

State the purpose of stretch reflexes

A

keep us upright without having to think about doing so; spinal cord relex, the brain is not involved

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29
Q

State the purpose of flexor reflexes

A

stimuli detects danger or hazard and responds by pulling away from it; spinal cord reflex, the brain is not involved

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30
Q

Describe the reflex arc

A
  1. receptors detect a change and generate a response2. sensory neurons transmit impulse to the CNS3. synapse occurs between stimulated sensory neuron and a interneron4. interneuron synapses with a motor neuron5. effector receives the impulse and performs its action
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31
Q

State the function of the ventricles of the brain

A

four cavities; formation of CSF

32
Q

State the function of the medulla in the brain

A

regulates heart rate, diameter of blood vessels, blood pressure, and respirations

33
Q

State the function of the pons in the brain

A

works with the medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm

34
Q

State the function of the midbrain in the brain

A

control visual and auditory reflexes; control equilibrium

35
Q

State the function of the cerebellum in the brain

A

control involuntary movement; controls equilibrium

36
Q

State the function of the cerebrum in the brain

A

largest part of the human brain; surface is called the cerebral cortex; contains lobes that control different functions

37
Q

Describe the function of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

motor areas that generate impulses for voluntary movement; Broca’s motor speech area

38
Q

Describe the function of the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

interpret the cutaneous sensations; receives impulses from stretch receptors for conscious muscle sense; taste buds

39
Q

Describe the function of the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

auditory areas; olfactory areas; speech areas concerned with the thought that precedes speech

40
Q

Describe the function of the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

visual areas; judging distance; seeing in 3D

41
Q

Name the outermost meninge made of fibrous connective tissue that lines the skull and vertebral canal

A

dura mater

42
Q

Name the middle meninge made of web like strands of connective tissue

A

arachnoid membrane

43
Q

Name the innermost meninge that covers the surface of the spinal cord and brain

A

pia mater

44
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

between the arachnoid and the pia mater, the subarachnoid space

45
Q

Describe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

brings nutrients to the CNS and removes waste products; acts as a cushion for the CNS

46
Q

Define sensations

A

enables the body to respond appropriately to ever changing situations to help maintain homeostasis

47
Q

Define receptors

A

detect stimuli and generate a response

48
Q

Define projection

A

sensation that seems to come from the area where the receptors were stimulated

49
Q

Define intensity

A

sensation felt more distinctly and to a greater degree

50
Q

Define contrast

A

effect of a previous sensation on a current sensation

51
Q

Define adaptation

A

becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus

52
Q

Define after-image

A

sensation remains in the consciousness even after the stimulus has stopped

53
Q

Name the cutaneous senses and their purpose

A

touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain; provide us with information about the external environment

54
Q

Define referred pain

A

pain felt in a cutaneous area that originates in an internal organ

55
Q

Define proprioception

A

muscle sense; ability of the brain to know where the muscles are and how they are positioned

56
Q

Define chemoreceptors

A

receptors that detect chemicals in solutions as taste and vaporized chemicals that have been sniffed as smell

57
Q

Define conjunctiva

A

thin membrane lining the inside of the eyelids and covering the whites of the eye

58
Q

Where are tears produced?

A

lacrimal glands

59
Q

Define sclera

A

thickest layer of the eyeball; visible as the whites of the eye

60
Q

Define cornea

A

transparent and has no capillaries; the first part of the eye that refracts light

61
Q

Define choroid layer

A

contains blood vessels; dark blue pigment that absorbs light to prevent glare

62
Q

Define lens

A

made of transparent, elastic protein; has no capillaries; shape changed by ciliary muscle to allow focus

63
Q

Define iris

A

colored part of the eye

64
Q

Define retina

A

contains rods and cones; lines the posterior two thirds of the eyeball

65
Q

Define rods

A

detect the presence of light

66
Q

Define cones

A

detect colors

67
Q

Define fovea

A

small depression directly behind the center of the lens that contain cones

68
Q

Neurons carrying impulses from the cones and rods travel down what path?

A

converge at the optic disc and pass through the wall of the eyeball as the optic nerve

69
Q

Define the function of vitreous humor

A

semi solid fluid that keeps the retina in place

70
Q

Define aqueous humor

A

tissue fluid between the lens and the cornea that nourish each

71
Q

What is another name for the ear drum?

A

tympanic membrane

72
Q

Name the three bone in the middle ear

A

malleus, incus, and stapes

73
Q

Define eustachian tube

A

extends from the middle ear to the nasopharynx and permits air to enter or leave

74
Q

Define cochlea

A

in the inner ear; comprised of three fluid canals

75
Q

Explain the function of the utricle and saccule in the inner ear

A

membranous sacs with hair cells that are moved by gravity as the position of the head changes that is interpreted by the brain to maintain equilibrium subconsciously

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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