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YR1 S1 Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

What is myelin made from in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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3
Q

What is the name of the pathway that goes towards the CNS?

A

Afferent

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4
Q

What is the name of the pathway that goes away from the CNS, to effectors?

A

Efferent

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5
Q

what are glial cells?

A

cells which surround the soma, axon and dendrites, providing physical and metabolic support

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6
Q

What are different types of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells
  • Ependymal cells
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7
Q

What are Astrocytes?

A

Cells that regulate extracellular fluid by removing potassium and neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What is myelin made by in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

Specialised macrophage like cells

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10
Q

What are Ependymal cells?

A

Regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in fluid filled cavities

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11
Q

What is the name of a group of axons which link the right and left halves of the CNS

A

A commissure

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12
Q

What are the cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the PNS called?

A

Ganglia

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13
Q

What are the cell bodies of neurons with similar functions in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

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14
Q

What are the 4 regions of the CNS in the brain?

A

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum

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15
Q

What is gray matter composed of?

A
  • Interneurons
  • Cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons
  • Axons of afferent neurones
  • glial cells
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16
Q

From what side of the spinal cord do afferent fibres enter the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal side

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17
Q

On what side of the spinal cord do efferent neurons leave the spinal cord?

A

Ventral side

18
Q

How many pairs of nerves does the PNS have?

A

43

19
Q

What are the 43 pairs of nerves in the PNS broken down into?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs that connect with the spinal cord as spinal nerves

20
Q

What are the 31 spinal nerves of the PNS broken down into?

A
  • 8 Cervical
  • 12 Thoracic
  • 5 Lumbar
  • 5 Sacral
  • 1 Coccygeal
21
Q

What is the efferent division of the PNS divided into?

A

Somatic and Autonomic branches

22
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Innervation of tissues other than skeletal muscle, like smooth or cardiac muscle

23
Q

Explain how the autonomic nervous system pathway is made of 2 neurons instead of 1.

A

Preganglionic Neuron synapses with Autonomic Ganglion, which synapses with postganglionic neuron

24
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

25
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released between the post-ganglionic neuron and the effector cell in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Acetylcholine

26
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released between the post-ganglionic neuron and the effector cell in the sympathetic pathway?

A

Norepinephrine

27
Q

What is a short phrase used to summarise the type of responses controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or Flight Response

28
Q

What is a short phrase used to summarise the type of responses controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Rest or Digest (Mostly Homeostatic responses)

29
Q

What is the difference in distribution of charged particles either side of a membrane referred to as?

A

Electrochemical gradient

30
Q

What is the term used to describe the movement of electrical charge?

A

Current

31
Q

What is the resting membrane potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

32
Q

What difference is there between graded and action potentials in terms of the distance they can signal/

A 
AP = long
GP = short
33
Q

What is the magnitude of change of membrane potential in an action potential?

A

100mV, from -70 to +30

34
Q

What is the main difference between an action potential and a graded potential?

A

Graded potentials vary in magnitude and only signal over short distances. Action potentials are ‘all or nothing’ and signal over long distance

35
Q

if a synapse is a gap junction what kind of synapse is it?

A

Eletrical Synapse

36
Q

If a synapse is a synaptic cleft, what kind of synapse is it?

A

Chemical synapse

37
Q

How does release of neurotransmitter work in synapses?

A

Neurotransmitter stored in vesicles are released into the synaptic cleft from active zones due to influx of calcium ions

38
Q

What are the two kinds of post synaptic potential that Chemical synapses can generate?

A

excitatory and inhibitory

39
Q

What are the two types of synaptic summation?

A

Temporal and Spatial

40
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Summation of potentials from the same axon that come shortly after one another which results in depolarisation past the AP threshold

41
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Summation of potentials from 2 or more axons that collectively result in depolarisation past the AP threshold

YR1 S1 Physiology (18 decks)

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