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Flashcards in Nervous System Deck (183)
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1
Q

2 kinds of nervous system cells

A

Neurons

Neuroglia

2
Q

of cranial nerves

A

12

3
Q

of spinal nerves

A

31

4
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system

A

Central

Peripheral

5
Q

Nuclei

A

Collection of neurons performing the same task in the CNS

6
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of thousands of axons with associated connective tissue and blood vessels in PNS

7
Q

Ganglia

A

Masses of nervous tissue found in PNS

8
Q

Interneuron

A

Interconnect with other neurons and are very short

9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of PNS containing sensory neurons

10
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

Convey info from CNS to skeletal muscles only

11
Q

2 divisions of the motor ANS

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

12
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

13
Q

What cells myelinate axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

14
Q

Efferent

A

Nerve impulses away from CNS

15
Q

Afferent

A

Nerve impulses towards CNS

16
Q

Dendrites

A

Primary target for synaptic input from other neurons . Opposite end from axon terminal

17
Q

Hillock

A

Point of departure of axon

18
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

From cell body to axon terminal

19
Q

2 types of Nerve fibers

A

Dendrites

Axons

20
Q

1

A

Olfactory

O: olfactory epithelium

21
Q

2

A

Optic

O: retina

22
Q

3

A

Oculomotor

23
Q

4

A

Trochlear

24
Q

5

A

Trigeminal

25
Q

6

A

Abducens

26
Q

7

A

Facial

27
Q

8

A

Vestibulochlear

28
Q

9

A

Glossopharyngeal

29
Q

10

A

Vagus

30
Q

11

A

Spinal Accessory

31
Q

12

A

Hypoglossal

32
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerve names

A

Oh oh oh to touch and feel very green vegetables ah!

33
Q

Pneumonic for cranial nerve functions (sensory, motor, both)

A

Some say marry money but my brother says big breasts matter more

34
Q

What space are neurotransmitters released into

A

synaptic cleft

35
Q

Glia

A

Provide insulation, maintain chemical environment and contribute to the blood brain barrier

36
Q

Glia: Neuron ratio

A

3:1

37
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Glia surround blood vessels in the brain and prevent toxins from entering the blood stream

38
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glia that mop up neurotransmitters and maintain homesostasis

39
Q

Microglia

A

Respond to injury in the CNS and produce inflammatory mediators

40
Q

2 types of myelinating glia

A

Oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells

41
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Part of the CNS– Nodes of ranvier are fewer and more widely spaced allowing for faster transmission
– COIL AROUND SEVERAL AXONS

42
Q

Schwann cells

A

Part of the PNS
Associated with only one nerve
Nodes of ranvier are closer together

43
Q

Number of each type of vertebrae

A
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
44
Q

How many spinal cord segments per 1 pair of spinal nerves

A

31

45
Q

What is the beginning of the PNS

A

Nerves

46
Q

Enlargements

A

Bulges in spinal cord corresponding with attachment of large nerves

47
Q

Where are the 2 spinal cord enlargments

A

Cervical– C4-T1

Lumbar-sacral– L1-S2

48
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

Tapering end of the spinal cord between L1 and L2 vertebrae

49
Q

Filum Terminale

A

Continuation of pia mater. Section is left with no nervous tissue and attaches to coccyx and anchors spinal cord

50
Q

Caude Equina

A

(Horse Tail) bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve roots, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve

51
Q

Where should you perform a lumbar puncture

A

Caude equina– devoid of spinal cord so you can obtain CSF safely

52
Q

What vertebral section does the spinal cord end at

A

L1/L2

53
Q

3 layers of spinal cord coverings

A

Pia mater
Arachoid mater
Dura mater

54
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost layer that attaches to the spinal cord surface and brain – many blood vessels

55
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

Paired ligaments in pia mater, on either side of the cord, that attach it to the arcachnoid and dura mater

56
Q

Arachoid Mater

A

Avascular, middle layer

57
Q

Dura Mater

A

(tough mother) Outermost layer extends from foramen magnum to S2 vertebrae

58
Q

Potential spaces

A

Space we can use in healthcare

59
Q

2 spinal cord spaces

A

Subaracnoid space

Sub dural space

60
Q

What are spinal cord spaces fllled with

A

CSF

61
Q

Epidural layer

A

Outside of dura mater

62
Q

2 Epidural effects

A

Analgesia (decrease pain)

Anesthesia (decrease sensation)

63
Q

Which spinal cord sulcus is more pronounced

A

Anterior median

64
Q

First section in spinal nerve

A

Root

65
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Rootlet– Root– Spinal nerve

Part of the PNS and connects to CNS receptors

66
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

PNS structure unique to posterior root– First neuron in sensory pathway

67
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons and tracts send sensory impulses from receptors to brain and motor impulses from brain to effectors

68
Q

Grey matter

A

Neuron populations in a butterfly shape recieve and integrate incoming and outgoing information

69
Q

3 horns of the grey matter in spinal cord

A

Dorsal
Lateral
Anterior

70
Q

Dorsal horn

A

Receives sensory input

71
Q

Anterior horn

A

Transmits motor output

72
Q

Lateral horn

A

Autonomic NS

73
Q

Un-myelinated axons

A

Small and slow

74
Q

Cervical spinal cord section

A

Flattened dorso-ventrally
Biggest section
Alot of white matter with large ventral grey horns

75
Q

Thoracic spinal cord section

A

Small diameter with small grey matter

- not many muscles here

76
Q

Lumbar section

A

Nearly circular
Large ventral and dorsal grey horns
Less white matter

77
Q

Sacral sponal cord section

A

Small with alot of grey matter

78
Q

Posterior root function

A

Sensory

79
Q

Anterior root function

A

Motor

80
Q

3 layers of the peripheral nerve

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

81
Q

Epineurium

A

Layer around the entire peripheral nerve with bundles inside

- vascular supply for nerve

82
Q

Perineurium

A

Surrounds every peripheral nerve bundle

83
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost layer of peripheral nerve surrounds axon

84
Q

Where do axons degenerate following injury

A

Distal to lesion

85
Q

Degeneration

A

Debris is picked up by immune system following injury and myelin is broken up

86
Q

PNS regeneration

A

Vigorous and complete

87
Q

CNS regeneration

A

Uncommon and never complete

88
Q

Axotomy

A

Severing the axon

89
Q

Wallerian degenration

A

Axon separates from cell body and degenerates distal to the injury

90
Q

Where does myelination begin in regeneration

A

Proximal end

91
Q

Characteristics of regenerated nerve

A

More schwann cells and nodes of ranvier = slower

92
Q

Do cut or crush injuries heal better?

A

Crush– preserved endoneurium supports better recovery

93
Q

Necrosis

A

neuronal death

94
Q

Glial scar

A

form in response to CNS injury

95
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

96
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of brain stem connected to the spinal cord

97
Q

4 components of the CNS

A

Spinal cord
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Forebrain

98
Q

2 parts of the forebrain

A

Diencephalon

Cerebral hemispheres

99
Q

Gyrus

A

Hill

100
Q

Sulcus

A

Valley– groovy surface allows for more neurons and more intelligence

101
Q

3 layers in brain covering

A

Pia mater
Aracnoid mater
Dura mater

102
Q

What produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

103
Q

Where are choroid plexuses located

A

In very brain ventricle

104
Q

CSF

A

Optimum environment for chemical signalling, exchnaging nutrients and shock absorption

105
Q

4 brain ventricles

A

2 lateral
Third
Fourth

106
Q

Interventricular formamen

A

Connects the lateral brain ventricles to the third ventricle

107
Q

Cerebral aqeduct

A

Connects the third and fourth brain ventricles

108
Q

Movement of CSF through brain

A
Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle
Interventricular foramen
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Fourth ventricle
Central canal and subarachnoid spaces 
Superior saggital sinus
109
Q

Medulla

A

Connects spinal cord to diencephalon

- Transmits everything to spinal cord

110
Q

Anterior medulla

A

Motor

111
Q

Posterior medulla

A

Sensory

112
Q

Decussation of pyramids

A

Crossing of motor tracts in the anterior aspect of medulla oblongata – why brain contorls opposite side of body

113
Q

Sensory Fasciculi

A

Ascending sensory axons that go to medial lemniscus

114
Q

Pons

A

Ventral to cerebellum

Connects cerebral cortex and spinal cord to cerebellum

115
Q

What does the pons consist of

A

Nuclei and tracts

116
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Large, darkly pigmented nuclei in the midbrain that produces dopamine

117
Q

Substantia nigra in parkinsons

A

Dead and unpigmented

118
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Pair of tracts containing motor neurons in the midbrain

119
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of brian with 2 folded hemispheres connected via brainstem

120
Q

Function of cerebellum

A

Coordination of complex sequences of movements and regulation of posture and balance

121
Q

Ataxia

A

Failure to regulate posture and movement causes uncoordinated movements and speech

122
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Involved in sensory and motor processing

123
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station to cerebral cortex where all sensory input enters– carries motor input from cerebellum

124
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulator of homeostasis, inferior to thalamus

125
Q

Sensory areas in Cerebrum

A

Primary visual cortex

Postcentral gyrus

126
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

127
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Pariteal lobe

128
Q

Motor areas of the cerebrum

A

Pre-central gyrus and Broca’s speech area

129
Q

2 blood vessels supplying brain

A

Vertebral artery and internal carotid artery

130
Q

Circle of willis

A

circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures

131
Q

6 Vessels in circle of willis

A
Anterior cerebral artery (2)
Anterior communicating artery 
Internal carotid artery (2)
Posterior cerebral artery (2)
Posterior communicating artery (2)
132
Q

Which vessels are not included in circle of willis?

A

Middle cerebral arteries

133
Q

Posterior communicating artery

A

Connects internal carotid and cerebral arteries

134
Q

Which nerve is part of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Olfactory

135
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

masses of gray matter

136
Q

Optic chiasma

A

Axons from medial half of each eye cross

137
Q

Optic tract

A

posterior to optic nerve

138
Q

Which 3 nerves control muscles that move the eyeballs

A

Occulomotor
Trochlear
Abducens

139
Q

Occulomotor

A

Innervates superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris and all extrinsic eye muscles

140
Q

Trochlear

A

Smallest cranial nerve and only one that comes from posterior brain stem
- innervates superior oblique

141
Q

Abducens

A

Originates in the pons and innervates lateral rectus

142
Q

Trigeminal

A

Largest cranial nerve, has 3 branches

– Opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular

143
Q

Opthalmic branch

A

Smallest trigeminal branch, goes through superior orbital fissure

144
Q

Maxillary branch

A

Intermediate size, passes through foramen rotundum

145
Q

Mandibular branch

A

Motor neurons for mastication, passes through foramen ovale

146
Q

Facial nerve

A

Sensory axons for anterior 2/3 of taste buds

147
Q

Propiorception

A

Ability to know your own body and feel position without looking

148
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

Inner ear structures required for equilibrium

149
Q

4 inner ear structures

A

Semicircular canals
Saccule
Utricle
Cochlea

150
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Posterior 1/3 of tatse buds

- sensory to oropharynx

151
Q

Motor component of glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Tympanic membrane (ear drum)

152
Q

Vagus

A

Longest nerve- travels to gut

- Motor function for pharynx, larynx and soft palate for speaking and swallowing

153
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

Brachial motor nerve divided into cranial and spinal accessory
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

154
Q

Hypoglossal nerve

A

Motor cranial nerve for tongue muscles

- comes from medulla

155
Q

2 Motor neurons in ANS

A

Preganglionic

Postganglionic

156
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Has cell body in CNS

157
Q

Autonomic ganglion

A

Neuronal body outside CNS

- preganglionic axon extends to it

158
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Cell body within the autonomic ganglion

- unmyelinated axon goes to effector

159
Q

What neurotransmitter do ANS motor neurons release that somatic motor neurons can’t?

A

Norepinephrine

160
Q

Dual innervation

A

Recieve impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

161
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Output to smooth muscle of blood vessels

- Increase alertness and metabolic activity

162
Q

What grey hron do sympathetic fibers originate from

A

Lateral horn (T1-L2)

163
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

A

Lie in a vertical row on wither side of the vertebral column from the skull to the coccyx

164
Q

Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the SNS?

A

Post

165
Q

Where do parasympathetic NS fibers originate from

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9,10

S2-4 of spinal cord

166
Q

Are pre or post ganglionic axons longer in the PNS?

A

Pre

167
Q

Pneumonic for actions of the PNS

A
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Digestion
Defecation
168
Q

5 organs recieving only sympathetic innervation

A
Sweat glands
Arrector muscles in hair 
Kidney
Adrenal medulla
Blood vessels
169
Q

Order of motor pathway

A
Cerebral cortex
Pyramids
Decussation of pyramids
Ventral horn of spinal cord
Muscle
170
Q

Order of sensory pathway

A
Dorsal horn of spinal cord
Dorsal fasciculi
Cerebral penduncles
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
171
Q

Whats on the anterior and posterior medulla

A

Anterior: Pyramids
Posterior: Sensory fasciculi

172
Q

2 things on the midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncles

Substantia nigra

173
Q

Used CSF gets transported through what structure to get into the superior saggital sinus from the subarchnoid space

A

Arachnoid villi

174
Q

Primary Visual Area

A

Recieves visual information and is involved in visual perception

175
Q

Broca’s Speech Area

A

Planning and production of speech

- opposite end of occipital lobe

176
Q

Central sulcus

A

Divides the primary somatosensory and motor areas

177
Q

Primary motor area

A

Controls voluntary contraction of specific muscles

178
Q

Primary auditory area

A

At the base of motor and sensory areas

- closer to occipital lobe than broca’s

179
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Extension of dura mater into cerebral hemispheres

- acts as an anchor

180
Q

Circle of Willis order on diagram from top to bottom

A

Anterior Cerebral, Anterior communicating
Middle cerebral, Internal carotid
Posterior cerebral, posterior communicating
Vertebral

181
Q

Anterior cerebral artery territory

A

Frontal lobe

182
Q

Middle cerebral artery territory

A

Parietal lobe

183
Q

Posterior cerebral artery territory

A

Occipital lobe