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Flashcards in Nervous System Deck (80)
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1
Q

What is a typical neuron composed of?

A

A soma, an axon, and one or more dendrites

2
Q

Which way to dendrites typically carry info?

A

Toward the soma

3
Q

What is the input center of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

4
Q

What is the integration center of a neuron?

A

Axon hillock

5
Q

What is the conduction center of a neuron?

A

Axon

6
Q

What is the output center of a neuron?

A

Presynaptic terminals

7
Q

What is the maintenance center of a neuron?

A

The soma

8
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

Determines what info is conducted down the axon

9
Q

Do action potentials decrease in size while they go down the axon?

A

No they stay constant

10
Q

What is kinesin?

A

Drags new membrane down the axon away from soma

11
Q

What direction does kinesin bring material?

A

Anterograde

12
Q

What is dynein?

A

Drags old membrane down the axon toward soma

13
Q

What direction does dynein bring material?

A

Retrograde

14
Q

T/F:

At equilibrium the diffusional flux of an ion is equivalent to the unidirectional flux due to membrane voltage?

A

True

15
Q

Which way does the membrane potential go when channel is open?

A

Toward the equilibrium potential

16
Q

Which way does the membrane potential go when channel is closed?

A

Away from the equilibrium potential

17
Q

What is the equation for equilibrium potentials called?

A

Nernst equation

18
Q

What is the equilibrium potential equation?

A

E=60/charge*log([out]/[in])

19
Q

At rest what is channels are open?

A

Some K+ channels

20
Q

What is the average resting potential of the membrane?

A

-70mV

21
Q

Changes that make the membrane potential more negative?

A

Hyperpolarization

22
Q

Changes that make the membrane potential less positive?

A

Depolarization

23
Q

Do graded potentials decrease in strength as they spread across the membrane?

A

Yes

24
Q

What cause action potentials?

A

Depolarizing grades potentials

25
Q

Are action potentials variable or all or nothing?

A

All or nothing

26
Q

Do actions potentials have a threshold?

A

Yes

27
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The time after a spike where another AP can’t occur

28
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

The time where AP occurs at a higher threshold

29
Q

When are voltage gated Na+ channels activated?

A

Depolarization

30
Q

Are Na+ voltage channels slow or fast?

A

Fast

31
Q

Do Na+ channels cause depolarization or hyperpolarization?

A

Depolarization

32
Q

What causes the inactivation gate to close?

A

Depolarization

33
Q

Why does the inactivation gate not close automatically?

A

It is slow

34
Q

What does the inactivation gate closing allow?

A

The cell to repolarize

35
Q

What opens voltage gated K+ channels?

A

Depolarization

36
Q

Are voltage gated K+ channels activated fast or slow?

A

Slow

37
Q

Why are voltage gated K+ channels activated slow?

A

Because the gate on them is slow

38
Q

What do open voltage gated K+ channels cause?

A

Repolarization and hyperpolarization

39
Q

Do voltage gated K+ channels inactivate?

A

No

40
Q

Why do voltage gated K+ channels not inactivate?

A

Because they close when the membrane potential comes back to threshold

41
Q

What are ways to make the action potential travel faster?

A

Large diameter and myelin

42
Q

What do myelinated axons have?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

What is the action potential jumping from node to node called?

A

Saltatory conduction

44
Q

What are located in the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels

45
Q

What is the amount of NT released known as?

A

The quantum

46
Q

How does Ca++ enter a presynaptic terminal?

A

Voltage gated Ca++ channels

47
Q

How does Ca++ leave the presynpatic terminal?

A

Ca++-ATPase

48
Q

What do you call a voltage change that causes the cell to be more likely to fire an AP or release more NT?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP)

49
Q

What do you call a voltage change that causes the cell to be less likely to fire an AP or release less NT?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP)

50
Q

What are receptors for acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic receptors

51
Q

What are receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Adrenergic

52
Q

What are the types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

53
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic

54
Q

What are nicotinic receptors?

A

Ion channels

55
Q

What are muscarinic receptors?

A

Linked to Gi and Gp proteins

56
Q

What are alpha-adrenergic receptors?

A

Linked to Gi or Gp proteins

57
Q

What are beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

Linked to Gs protein

58
Q

What ions cause EPSPs?

A

Na+ and Ca++

59
Q

What ions cause IPSPs?

A

K+ and Cl-

60
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Summation of PSP that arrive at different times

61
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Summation of PSP that arrive ate different synapses

62
Q

What does amplitude coding represent?

A

The summation of the various PSPs

63
Q

What type of synapses are in parasmpathetic pre and post ganglionic fibers?

A

Cholinergic

64
Q

What type of synapses are in sympathertic pre and post ganglionic fibers?

A
Pre = cholinergic
Post = adrenergic
65
Q

What type of synapses are in simatic motor nerves?

A

Cholinergic synapses

66
Q

What is amplitude coding?

A

Size of the stimuli

67
Q

What is frequency coding?

A

How often the stimuli occurs?

68
Q

What is labeled line coding?

A

You know where the stimuli came from so you know what it is

69
Q

What is another name for population coding?

A

Constellation coding

70
Q

What is population coding?

A

Make a determination about what is going on based on several stimuli

71
Q

What is antagonistic control?

A

Control both stimuli (brake and gas)

72
Q

What is tonic control?

A

Control one of the stimuli

73
Q

What is lag time?

A

How long it takes for a response

74
Q

What is feed forward?

A

You know you are eating soon so start preparing

75
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

How easily does a stimuli trigger a response

76
Q

What is gain?

A

What the response does to fix imbalance

77
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Feedback that causes more of the same stimuli to occur

78
Q

Hydrophobic product of phosphatidyl inositol-bis-phosphate?

A

Diacylglycerol

79
Q

Hydrophillic product of phosphatidyl inositol-bis-phosphate

A

Inositol triphosphate

80
Q

Structures between cells in transporting epithelia?

A

Tight junctions