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Human physiology > nervous system 2 > Flashcards

nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

another name for parasympatetic nervous system

A

cranial-sacral

synapse at ganglia close to innervated tissues

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2
Q

another name for sympatetic nervous system

A

thoracic-lumbar output
synapse at ganglia either side of veterbral collum
distal to innervated tissue

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3
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

neurones with cell bodies in the wall of teh intestine with innervates the GI tract, pancreas and gall ballder

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4
Q

examples of symapttic innervation

A

eye, saliva, heart, lungs, liver, GI tract, bladder, genitalia, blood vessels, sweat

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5
Q

examples of parasympatetic innervation

A

eye, saliva, heart, lungs, GI trct, bladder

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6
Q

what is the ANS

A

visceral, involuntary motor system

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7
Q

main process of theANS

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
exocrine gland function
intermediate metabolism

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8
Q

wht characterises the ANS

A

2 neurones outside the CNS
preganglionic
postganglionic

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9
Q

what are proganglionic

A

fibres arising from the CNS synapse

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10
Q

what is postganglionic

A

nerve fibres in the ganglia, terminate at the effector

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11
Q

where is acetylcholine relased from

A

preganglionic
postganglionic
= cholinergic transmission

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12
Q

where is Noradrealine relased from

A

postganglionic

=adrenaerigc transmission

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13
Q

features of tsympatetic receptors

A

use noreadreanaline

postganglionic fibres release it to act on adrenoreceptors

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14
Q

features of parsympatetic rectprors

A

acetylcholice action
post ganglionic fibres
act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

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15
Q

features of the somatic nervous system

A

acetylcholine action

motor nerves release Ach to act on nitotonicn Ach receptors

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16
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

controls the GI tract and digestions

pancreas and gall bladder

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17
Q

2 neurral networks associated with the enteric nervous system

A

myenteric plexus

submucosal plexus

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18
Q

how does the enteric nervous system work

A

can work alone but activity is regulated by the PNS

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19
Q

what does the sympatetic system do to the body

A

increased rate and strength of heart beats

diversion of blood to muscles, sweat and sin

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20
Q

what does the parasympatetic system do to the body

A

reduced cardiac rate to resting, conserves energy, reduced basal metabolic rate

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21
Q

major functions of the physioligical motor systems

A

maintence of posture

goal directed movement

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22
Q

how is spina control used?

A 
unconscous
hardwired
fast
survival orientated
functions to maintain posture
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23
Q

what is central control

A

several brai regions used
spinal motor neurones
goal directed movment

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24
Q

what maintains posture

A

spinal contol

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25
Q

what maintains goal directed movement

A

central control

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26
Q

characteristics of spinal control movement

A 
unconscous
few synapses so fast
survival function
inheritied
CNS
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27
Q

whats a simple spinal reflex

A

basic levels of motor control
fast
hardwired
preotective

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28
Q

what are the main two neurones of reflex arcs

A

afferent/sensory

efferent/motor

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29
Q

name three types of reflex

A

monosynaptic
disynaptic
polysynaptic

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30
Q

what is a monosynaptic reflex

A

2 neurones
1 synapse
stretch reflex

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31
Q

what is a disynaptic reflex

A

1 interneurone
2 synapses
flexor withdrawal reflex

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32
Q

what is a polysnaptic reflex

A

more than one interneurone
more than 2 syanpses
cross extensory reflexor and golgi tendon reflex

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33
Q

describe the stretch reflex

A

transiesnt stretching of muscle producing a powerful, rapid reflex contraction
opposes sudden change in muscle length
eg, knee jerk

34
Q

what is a tonic or static stretch reflex

A

maintained stretching producing prolonged reponse

keeps muscle tone

35
Q

what is the knee jerk

A

tap the patella tendon
causes a transient muscle contraction called a dynamic stretch reflex
triggers firing of motor nuerones to cause extensor action of muscle

36
Q

what is the flexor withdrawal reflex

A

stimul detected by receptor such as pannociceptor

flexor muscles of affected area signalled to contract vie disynaptic pathway

37
Q

define recpirocal inhibition

A

corresponding relaxation of extensor is required in the flexor withdrawal
this is signalled by inhibitory interneurones

38
Q

what is the crossed extensor reflex

A

same concept as the flexor:
timul detected by receptor such as pannociceptor
flexor muscles of affected area signalled to contract
but now uses both sudes of the body using contralateral movement

39
Q

what is conlaterla movment

A

consequence of the flexor reflex in a limb, the opposite, collateral limb exends
this is a polysynaptic response

40
Q

whats the point of crossed extensor reflex

A

allows the body to escape noxious stimuli

41
Q

what does the golig tendon do

A

the golgi tendon organ signals for the refex

it can detect changes in muscle tension

42
Q

how does the golgi tendon reflex work?

A

cause small cahnges in muscles in resonse to backgroun stimulation
sigals via afferent nerves to the ventral horn to the brain
causes feedbakc inhibition of same muscle and reciprocal contraction of antagonist muscle

43
Q

what does the goli tendon reflex help with

A

polysnaptic response helps maintain posture

44
Q

where do motor neurone dendrites get information grom

A

proproioceptors
recurrent collatarls
descending fibres from the brain

45
Q

what is propioception

A

perception of self

know ehere your bdy is in reation t the suroondings

46
Q

two way processes of proprioception

A

proprioceptors:

  • muscle spindles
  • golgi tendon organs
47
Q

what doe muscle spindles respons to

A

stretch in musces

48
Q

what do golgi tendon organs repond to

A

tension within tendons

49
Q

how is skeletal muscle innervated?

A

fibres each recieve a single excitatory motor nuerone forming a NJM

50
Q

how is smooth muscle innervated

A

contraction is moygenic, no neuronal input
intrinsic contractions
can sometimes use the ANS

51
Q

how is cardiac muscle innervated?

A

myogenic

different parts of the heart have frequencies and contraction

52
Q

where do motor neurones come form

A

ventral route

53
Q

explain neuromuscular blockerse

A

paralysing poisons such as curare
act to block NAchRs
botox

54
Q

what is myasthenial gravis

A

muscle weakness associated with lack of nicotininc Ach recpetors
anutoimmune dieasse

55
Q

does one muscle fibre typically recieve input from many motor neurones?

A

NO

56
Q

what are the threee regions of motor systems/motor cortex?

A

primary
premotor
supplementary

57
Q

what causes moroe movement

A

electrical stimulate of motor coretx areas causes movement of specific muscles
mapped by the motor homonculus

58
Q

what is the motor homunculus?

A

map
electrodes on parts of brain to see the different functions
mapped what each part does

59
Q

what is most of the cortext devloped to for mvoement

A

fingers and larynx mvoement
fine control
refined/complex movements have larger representations on the model

60
Q

what rays information within the brain to corrdination movement?

A

internal nuclei

61
Q

whree does input to the motor cortext come from

A

thalamus
sensory input
cerebellum
basa ganglia

62
Q

where does utputs from the barin occur, motor cortext

A

descending motor control pathways linking nuclei and brain regions to levels of the spine

63
Q

levels of the spine linked to the motor cortex

A

a. corticosinal/pyrmidial
b. vestibulospinal, extraprymidial
c. reticulospinal

64
Q

what is the cortiospinal tract

A

links the motor cortext with inerneurones.motor neurones in spinal cord

65
Q

what is the vestibularpspinal tract

A

links midbrain largely to interneurones to spine

66
Q

what is the reticuospinal tract

A

links brainstem to internrueones in the spinal cord

67
Q

role of the cerbellum

A

coordinates the mtor activty

68
Q

hoq does thecerebellum work

A

recieves copy of the motor output from the motro cortex and a copy of the sensory infromation from periphery
sends out correction sinal to motor activity corrected

69
Q

what are the cerebellar nuecli

A

fastigial nucleu
interposed nuceli
dendate nucei

70
Q

what does the fastigial nucelus do

A

controls balance and posture

71
Q

role of the interposed nuclei

A

controls posture and gait

72
Q

role of the dendate nucleus

A

controls skilled movements

73
Q

how do the cerebellum nuclei work?

A

recieve inhibitory input from purkije cells and ecitatory inputs from the brain and periphery

74
Q

what is the basal ganglia

A

five large sbcortical nuceli which link the frontal libes with the mtoro cotext via the thalamusforming a feedback loop
role is to control motor activity

75
Q

what is parkinsons?

A

slowness of movement, tremmors at rest

leisons of dopamine pathway of substantia nigra

76
Q

what is huntingtons disease

A

leisons in the utamend, basalgangia

77
Q

what causes hemiballisum

A

associated with flaiing limbs

leisons on the subthalamud

78
Q

what inputs the thalamus?

A

basal ganglia and cerbelum

79
Q

what does sensory input affect?

A 
basal ganglia
thalamus
mtor corex
brainstem
spinal neurones
motor neureos
80
Q

steps of sensory inout to th thalamus

A 
thalamus
motor cortex
brain stem
spinal neurones
motor neurones
NMJ

Human physiology (21 decks)

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