Neoplasia Flashcards Preview

RRCCPA Physiology/Pathophysiology I > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Flashcards in Neoplasia Deck (25)
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1
Q

Stage 0 is a carcinoma in situ and has a 99% cure rate. Stage I, II, and II the tumor is of moderate size but does not involve ______ ______ and has not _________ .

A

Lymph nodes, metastasized

2
Q

Stage ____ cancer has spread to distant tissues and organs.

A

IV or 4

3
Q
Paraneoplastic syndrome:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-like protein is produced in small cell lung carcinoma and pancreatic carcinomas, which results in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_’s syndrome, leading to obesity and “moon face.”
A

Cushing’s

4
Q

Malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial cells

A

Carcinoma

5
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome:

Several carcinomas cause polycythemia, an increase in RBCs, which is promoted by which hormone?

A

Erythropoietin

6
Q

Disordered growth of epithelium, loss of cellular uniformity, and architectural orientation.
May have increased mitotic figures
May be precursor to malignancy but does not always progress
Can be reversible if inciting agent is removed.
What type of -plasia?

A

Dysplasia

7
Q

Malignant neoplasm derived from lymphocytes

A

Lymphoma

8
Q

Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchymal cells (fat, muscle)

A

Sarcoma

9
Q

These genes are involved in housekeeping of DNA and fixing mutations.

A

DNA repair genes

10
Q

These genes help control cell growth, but a loss of function results in uncontrolled cell growth through loss of regulation of division.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

11
Q

Full thickness dysplasia of the epithelium is called?

A

Carcinoma in situ (early cancer like breast or colon)

12
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome side effects can be hormonal. Squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, breast, and kidneys secrete ___________ -like hormone, which results in HYPERCALCEMIA.

A

Parathyroid

13
Q

What is the difference between Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes?

A

Proto are commonly used during normal growth and development

Oncogenes have MADE THE TRANSITION and are capable of producing NEOPLASMS

14
Q

Effects of tumors are often based upon location, such as the brain, but ___________ usually occurs causing loss of body fat and muscle, and fatigue.

A

Cachexia

15
Q

Re: Carcinogenesis

What 6 things are necessary for a normal cell to change to a malignant cell?

A
  1. Acquire self sufficiency in growth signals and ignore growth inhibitory signals
  2. Evade apoptosis
  3. Acquire defects in DNA repair
  4. Acquire ability to divide an unlimited number of times
  5. Promote angiogenesis (growth of new vasculature)
  6. Invade surrounding tissue, passing through basement membrane and spreading to distant organs
16
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome:

Small cell carcinoma of lung and cerebral neoplasm cause _ _ _ _.

A

SIADH syndrome of inappropriate ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

17
Q

These genes regulate scheduled cell death and are affected during carcinogenesis.

A

Apoptosis genes

18
Q

Benign neoplasm derived from glandular cells.

A

Adenoma

19
Q

Malignant neoplasm derived from melanocytes

A

Melanoma

20
Q

What do you call a side effect of tumors not normally associated with the cell type of tumor?

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

21
Q

Tumor grade and stage differentiation:
T=?
N=?
M=?

A

Tumor, Lymph node status, Metastasis

22
Q

Lack of differentiation of cells, losing morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells is called what?

A

Anaplasia

23
Q

Malignant neoplasm derived from germ cells (egg or sperm)

A

Germ cell tumor

24
Q

Neoplasms don’t result from one mutation, but rather from the survival of cells with _____________ mutations.

A

Multiple

25
Q

What are the 4 methods of conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?

A
  1. Over-expression of the gene
  2. Amplification of the gene
  3. Point mutation of the gene
  4. Translocation of the gene