Neoplasia 2 Flashcards Preview

September lectures yr 3 (2018) > Neoplasia 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Neoplasia 2 Deck (17)
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1
Q

In histopathology what are the types of specimen submitted?

A

1) cytology - fluid sample of tumour
2) biopsy - solid sample of tumour
3) excision - surgical removal of the whole tumour

2
Q

In histopathology what are the types of examinations are performed?

A

1) macroscopic examination
2) microscopic examination
3) special tests - immunohistochemistry, FISH, PCR

3
Q

Wha is the role of a histopathologist in managing neoplasia’s?

A

1) provide diagnosis - benign, in situ, malignant, classification
2) provide prognostic information - tumour grade, vascular invasion, perineural invasion, extent of invasion, tumour stage
3) provide predictive information - testing the neoplasm for markers of responsivness to specific therapies
4) Screening

4
Q

What tumour shapes tend to be more benign or malignant?

A

Benign - sessile, pedunculated and papillary tumours

Malignant - fungating, ulcerated and annular tumours

5
Q

What are the architectural and nuclear features of benign neoplasms?

A

Architectural

  • resemblance to normal tissue = goof
  • tumour border = circumscribed
  • invasion = absent

Nuclear

  • hyperchromasia = often absent
  • irregular nuclear border = absent
  • pleomorphism = absent
  • prominent nucleoli = often absent
  • mitotic activity = low
6
Q

What are the architectural and nuclear features of malignant neoplasms?

A

Architectural

  • resemblance to normal tissue = variable, often poor
  • tumour border = often poorly defined
  • invasion =present

Nuclear

  • hyperchromasia = present
  • irregular nuclear border = present
  • pleomorphism = present
  • prominent nucleoli = present
  • mitotic activity = high
7
Q

What is the suffix for malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin?

A

carcinoma

8
Q

What is the suffix for malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin?

A

sarcoma

9
Q

What are the main pathological prognostic features?

A

1) tumour invasiveness - depth of invasion, vascular invasion, perineural invasion
2) grade- degree of histological resemblance to the parent tissue
3) stage - extent of anatomical spread - depth through tissue (mucosa, serosa)

10
Q

What is the breslow depth?

A

depth of invasion of malignant melanoma - important prognostic factor
Depth of invasion is the main way to stage a tumour

11
Q

What is gleason’s patterns?

A

1) small, uniform glands
2) more stroma between glands
3) distinctly infiltrative margins
4) irregular masses of neoplastic glands
5) only occasional gland formation
from 1 to 5 it become more and more poorly differentiated
This pattern is important prognostic factor in prostatic adenocarcinoma

12
Q

How are tumours staged?

A

TNM staging
T- tumour size and local invasion
N- degree of spread to regional lymph nodes
M - presence or absence of distant metastases
A “p” in front of staging e.g. pT2, pN1, pM0 = Means the staging has been done by a pathologist
Not applicable in all cases e.g. CNS, lymphomas

13
Q

What is % of 5 year survival cases in terms of Duke staging for colorectal cancer?

A

A- 90%
B- 40%
C- 10%

14
Q

What predictive testing methods are used for hormone receptor sensitive breast cancers?

A

Immunohistochemistry

15
Q

What predictive testing methods are used to determine gene rearrangements in lung cancer?

A

fluorescent in situ hybridisation

16
Q

What predictive testing methods are used to determine mutations in colorectal cancer?

A

PCR

17
Q

What is the aim for screening?

A

based on the concept of detecting carcinoma in situ, before it has become invasive

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