Neoplasia 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define neoplasm

What is the process?

What are the two types of neoplasm?

A
  • Neoplasm = Abnormal mass of tissue, growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists after cessation of initiating stimulus
  • Neoplasia is the process
  • cell growth has escaped from normal regulatory processes
  • Two types:
    • benign –> confinfed to site of origin
    • malignant –> invasion and metastases
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2
Q

Define tumour

What are the two types?

A

Tumour = a swelling

inflammatory tumour = abscess

neoplasm = new growth

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3
Q

Define benign neoplasm

A

Benign neoplasm → cells grow as a compact mass and remain at their site of origin

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4
Q

Define malignant neoplasm

A

Malignant neoplasm → growth of cells is uncontrolled, cells can invade into surrounding tissue and spread to distant sites

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5
Q

Whart are the two basic components of tumours?

A

Two basic components of tumours:

Parenchyma -> neoplastic cells, determines the biological behaviour of the neoplasm and the name of the neoplasm

Reactive stroma –> connective tissue, blood vessels, and the supporting tissue. Determines the growth and the spread of the tumour

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6
Q

Define cancer

A

cancer = malignant tumour

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7
Q

How do you name neoplasms?

A
  • Depends on parenchymal cell differentiation towards
  • prefix depending on tissue type
  • benign neoplasms have the suffix oma
  • malignant neoplasm have different suffixes dependent on nature of parenchymal differentiation e.g. carcinoma for epithelial neoplasma and sarcomas for connective tissue neoplasma
  • Note –> benign epithelial tumours –> cells of origin microscopic pattern and macroscopic architecture
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8
Q

Examples of benign connective tissue/ mesenchymal tumours?

Examples of malignant tumours of connective tissue/ mesenchymal?

A

Benign –> Fibroma, Lipoma, Chondroma, osteoma

Malignant –> Fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma

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9
Q

Nomenclature:

Blood vessel tumour –> benign and malignant

lymph vessel tumour –> benign and malignant

mesothelium tumour –> benign and malignant

Brain coverings –> benign and malignant

A
  • Blood vessels –>
    • Benign = hemangioma
    • Malignant = angiosarcoma
  • Lymph vessels –>
    • Benign = lymphangioma
    • malignant = lymphangiosarcoma
  • Mesothelium –>
    • benign fibrous tumor
    • mesothelioma
  • brain coverings –>
    • meningioma
    • invasive meningioma
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10
Q

Nomenclature:

Benign vs malignant:

haematopoetic cells

lymphoid tissue

A

Haematopoetic cells –> always invasive, benign does not exist.

Malignant haematopoetic cells = leukaemias

Lymphoid tissue = lymphomas

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11
Q

Nomenclature:

benign vs malignant – >muscle (smooth vs striated)

A

Smooth muscle –> benign = leiomyoma

smooth muscle –> malignant = leiomyosarcoma

striated muscle –> benign= rhabdomyoma

striated muscle –> malignant = rhabdomyosarcoma

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12
Q

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin

Benign vs malignant

1) stratified sqaumous
2) basal cells of skin/ adnexa

A
  1. benign stratified squamous = squamous cell papilloma
  2. malignant stratified squamous = sqaumous cell carcinoma
  3. basal cell skin/ adnexa –> ALWAYS malignant = Basal cell carcinoma
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13
Q

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin:

Benign vs malignant:

1) epithelial lining of glands/ ducts
2) resp passages
3) renal epithelium

A
  1. Epithelial lining of glands/ ducts
    • –> benign = adenoma, papilloma, cystademoma
    • –> malignant = adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma
  2. Respiratory passages
    • –> benign= bronchial adenoma
    • –> malignant = bronchogenic carcinoma
  3. Renal epithelium
    • –> benign = renal tubula adenoma
    • –> malignant = renal cell carcinoma
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14
Q

Nomenclature: tumours of epithelial origin:

Benign vs malignant:

1) Liver cells
2) urinary tract
3) placental
4) testicular epithelium
5) tumours of melanocytes

A
  1. Liver cells:
    • benign –> hepatic adenoma
    • malignant –> hepatocellular carcinoma
  2. UT:
    • transitional cell papilloma
    • transitional cell carcinoma
  3. placental:
    • benign –> hyatidiform mole
    • Malignant –> choriocarcinoma
  4. Testicular:
    • always malignant –> seminoma, embryonal carcinoma
  5. Tumours of melanocytes:
    • benign –> nevus
    • malignant –> malignant melanoma
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15
Q

Nomenclature: mixed tumours, often derived from one germ cell layer:

Benign vs malignant:

1) salivary glands
2) renal aniage

A
  1. Salivary glands:
    • benign–> pleomorphic adenoma
    • malignant –> malignant mixed tumour of salivary gland origin
  2. renal aniage
    • always malignant –> Wilms tumour
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16
Q

Nomenclature:

Germ cell cancer:

Benign vs malignant?

A

Germ cell cancer –> totipotnetial cells in gonads or in embryonic rests

Benign -> mature teratoma, dermoid cyst

malignant –> immature teratoma, teratocarcinoma

17
Q

Nomenclature:

Neural tumours:

Benign – >nerve vs sheath

Malignant -> nerve vs sheath

A

Benign:

Nerve → neuroma

Nerve sheath → schwannoma

Malignant:

Nerve → neurofibrosarcoma

Nerve sheath → malignant peripheral NST (MPNST)

18
Q
A