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pathology > Nature of Disease > Flashcards

Nature of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

The science that deals with the study of disease, which involves changes in the body structure and function.

A

Pathology

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2
Q

Cause of disease.

A

Etiology

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3
Q

Natural history and development of disease.

A

Pathogenesis

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4
Q

Study of structural changes in the body caused by disease.

A

Pathological anatomy (morbid anatomy)

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5
Q

Study of changes in structure of the body that are readily seen with the unaided (naked) eye as a result of disease. e.g., autopsy

A

Gross pathology

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6
Q

Study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues and organs undergo as a result of disease. e.g., biopsy

A

Microscopic pathology (histopathology)

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7
Q

Study of tissue specimens excised surgically in a major or minor operation.

A

Surgical pathology

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8
Q

Study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions, and other body fluids (tissues, blood, urine) performed in the laboratory in the diagnosis of a disease.

A

Clinical pathology

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9
Q

The study of changes in body functions due to disease.

A

Physiological pathology (pathophysiology)

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10
Q

Study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death, concerned with accidents and homicides, without regard to any particular organ or system; may use autopsy to determine cause of death.

A

Medico-Legal (forensic) pathology

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11
Q

Deals with study of widespread processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair, without reference to particular tissue, organ, or system of organs.

A

General pathology

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12
Q

Deals with specific features of disease in relation to particular tissue, organ, or organ systems.

A

Special pathology

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13
Q

Postmortem (after-death) examination of the body organs and tissues to determine cause of death or pathological conditions.

A

Autopsy (Necropsy)

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14
Q
  • Confirm, amplify, reject or alter clinical diagnosis
  • Advance medical knowledge and research
  • Assist in medicolegal cases to determine identification of deceased, cause (injury or disease) and manner (natural, homicide, suicide, accident, or undetermined) or death
  • Alleviate concerns of “Family members”
A

Importance of Autopsy

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15
Q

A public officer whose chief duty os to investigate questionable deaths; responsible for identification of a dead body, and investigating deaths.

A

Coroner

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16
Q

Almost always officials of the state government or of the local county government.

A

Coroner

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17
Q

Usually not a medical doctor

In some places (rural areas) the local funeral director holds this post.

A

Coroner

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18
Q

A forensically trained physician (medical doctor) whose duty is to investigate questionable or unattended deaths (has replaced the coroner in some states); officially authorized by the government.

A

Medical Examiner

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19
Q

Ascertains causes of deaths, especially those not occurring under natural circumstances

A

Medical Examiner

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20
Q

Examines employees of a particular firm or applicants for life insurance.

A

Medical Examiner

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21
Q

In some jurisdictions, must be both a doctor and a lawyer.

A

Medical Examiner

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22
Q

essential qualities or characteristics by which something is recognized.

A

Nature

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23
Q

State of functional disequilibrium, change in function or structure (at organ or system level) that is considered to be abnormal.
May be result from infection, genetic defect, environmental factors or stress.
Characterized by signs or symptoms.

A

Disease

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24
Q

More or less rapid onset and short duration

A

Acute

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25
Q

More or less slow onset and long duration

A

Chronic

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26
Q

A disease starts at the cell level > proceeds to the tissue > organs > the whole body

-severity depends on which organs are diseased and the interdependence of other organs to the diseased organ.

A

Virchow’s Cellular Theory of Disease

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27
Q

Include the heart, lungs, brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys.

A

Vital Organs

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28
Q

The term denoting the naming of disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease (through evaluation of patient’s history, examination and laboratory data).

A

Diagnosis

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29
Q

Prediction of the outcome of disease

A

Prognosis

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30
Q

Unfavorable condition arising during the course of disease.

A

Complication

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31
Q

Aftermath of a particular disease (e.g. damage to the heart after rheumatic fever)

A

Sequel

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32
Q

Specific pathogenic structural or functional changes, or both brought about by disease or injury.

A

Lesion

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33
Q

Objective disturbances produced by disease, observed by physician, nurse, or person attending patient. (e.g., pulse, fever, heart rate)

A

Signs

34
Q

Subjective disturbances caused by disease that are felt or experienced by patients but not directly measurable (e.g., pain, headache).

A

Symptoms

35
Q

A set or signs and symptoms, associated with a particular disease; e.g. crushing syndrome results from excess steroids, adrenal hyperplasia, or pituitary tumor

A

Syndrome

36
Q

Pertaining to or characterized by fever

A

Febrile

37
Q

Existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter

A

Congenital

38
Q

Genetic condition transmitted from parent to offspring

A

Hereditary

39
Q

Present after birth

A

Acquired

40
Q

Having rapid or severe onset, usually fatal

A

Fulminating

41
Q

Temporary cessation of symptoms of disease

A

Remission (abatement)

42
Q

reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission

A

Recurrence (relapse)

43
Q

Increase in severity of disease

A

Exacerbation

44
Q

A disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from one individual to another

A

Communicable

45
Q

Number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time

A

Prevalence

46
Q

allow to determine the impact, significance and likelihood of a disease for a given population, data is used to direct healthcare resources and research.

A

Prevalence

47
Q

The manner in which a disease develops

A

Pathogenesis

48
Q

A disease that is continuously present in a community, has low mortality, e.g., measles

A

Endemic

49
Q

A disease that is currently in higher than normal numbers

A

Epidemic

50
Q

Epidemic, widespread, worldwide event

A

Pandemic

51
Q

Disease that occurs occasionally in a random or isolated manner

A

Sporatic

52
Q

Number of deaths in a given time or place or proportion of deaths to a population

A

Mortality rate

53
Q

Relative incidence of a disease in the population or number of cases in a given time at a given population.

A

Morbidity rate

54
Q

Of unknown cause

e.g. primary essential hypertension

A

Idiopathic

55
Q

Results from the adverse activity of medical personnel

A

Iatrogenic

56
Q

Infection acquired in a hospital

A

Nosocomial

57
Q

A disease with an abnormally high rate of occurrence in members of the workforce.

A

Occupational

58
Q

State of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance; chemical poisoning

A

Intoxication

59
Q

Harboring of animal parasites, especially macroscopic forms, such as ticks or mosquitos.

A

Infestation

60
Q

Hypersensitivity to a substance that does not normally cause a reaction of the immune system.

A

Allergies

61
Q

A condition or disease in which there is no recognizable change in anatomy.

A

Functional

62
Q

A condition or disease in which there is a change in anatomy

A

Organic (structural)

63
Q

Disease due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance.

A

Deficiency

64
Q

The state or condition in which the body or a part of it is invaded by a pathogenic agent that. under favorable conditions, multiplies and produces injurious effects.

A

Infection

65
Q

Conditions that make someone more likely to develop illness (susceptible to disease).

A

Predisposing Factors

66
Q

low immunity, e.g., newborns and elderly

A

Age

67
Q

Predisposition due to hereditary and geographical factors e.g., sickle cell anemia.

A

Race

68
Q

Predisposition due to genes.

e.g. coronary heart disease, breast and cervical cancers.

A

Genetics

69
Q

Higher predisposition based on whether or you are man or woman.
men- lung cancer, gout, parkinson’s
women- osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis

A

Gender

70
Q

Higher predisposition due to place of work. eg, miners getting lung diseases.

A

Occupation

71
Q

Predisposition due to living area. e.g., air and water pollution, overcrowded areas.

A

Environment

72
Q

Predisposition due to income

A

Economic status

73
Q

Predisposition due to malnutrition or obesity

A

Nutritional status

74
Q

Personality types might suppress immunity

A

Emotional

75
Q

Alcoholism, smoking, fatigue

A

Other predispositions

76
Q

Actual causes, immediately produce disease, or excite the action of predisposing causes.

e. g., exciting eye- the eye that sustains a penetrating injury and causes an inflammatory reaction in the fellow eye.
- plant or animal parasites

A

Exciting causes of disease

77
Q

Entity responsible for death at the time of the terminal event or prior to and leading to the terminal event.

A

Basic cause of death

78
Q

Mechanical (trauma-physical injury from an external force, e.g., falls, gunshot wounds, or stabbing = sharp force injury)
thermal
radiation

A

Exogenous Physical Agents

79
Q

An example is pollutants, outside irritants

A

Exogenous Chemical Agents

80
Q

Microorganisms that cause cell or tissue damage

A

Biological Agents (exogenous)

81
Q

Physiological, immunologic (such as allergies, autoimmune, immune deficiencies), genetic (heredity or chromosomal), deficiency of essential substances (lack of dietary or metabolic substances, malnutrition).

A

Endogenous Etiology

pathology (23 decks)

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