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Bacteriology > Mycobacterium > Flashcards

Mycobacterium Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria are apart of Mycobacterium?

A
  • Tuberculosis

- Leprae

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2
Q

What kind of stain do you use for mycobacterium species?

A

Acid fast stain

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3
Q

It takes very long to develop a mycobacterium disease because why?

A

because the generation time (doubling time) is about 20 hours.

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4
Q

What bacteria are apart of the M. avium complex (MAC complex)

A
  • M. avium subspecies avium
  • M. avium subspecies silvaticum
  • M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis
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5
Q

M. avium complex (MAC) causes what sort of complications?

A

Opportunistic infections in AIDS

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6
Q

What bacteria are apart of the M. Tuberculosis complex?

A
  • M. tuberculosis
  • M. africanum
  • M. bovis
  • M. microti
  • M. caprae
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7
Q

Which mycobacterium causes buruli ulcer?

A

M. ulcerans

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8
Q

Which mycobacterium causes swimmers ulcer or fishtank granulomas?

A

M. Marinum

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9
Q

what is the cell wall of M. tuberculosis made of?

A

mycolic acid

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10
Q

Characteristic of M. tuberculosis?

A
  • obligate aerobic bacilli
  • Acid fast bacteria
  • very fastidious (only grows when specific nutrients are present)
  • Very slow (~20hr doubling)
  • resistant to common antibiotics
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11
Q

What are the 4 obligate Aerobes?

A

“Nagging Pests Must Breath”

  • Nocardia
  • Pseudomonas
  • Mycobacterium
  • Bacillus
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12
Q

What stain do you use for M. tuberculosis?

A

Ziehl-Neelsen Stain

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13
Q

How do M. tuberculosis appear when stained with Ziehl-Neelsen Stain?

A

Bright red bacilli (rods)

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14
Q

What sort of colonies of M. tuberculosis are formed on Lowenstein Jensen medium?

A

Rough, Buff, and Tough colonies

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15
Q

What kind of media do you use for M. tuberculosis?

A

Lowenstein-Jenson Media (Midlebrook medium)

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16
Q

1 of 4 deaths in M. tuberculosis is related to what?

A

HIV-related

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17
Q

What is the route of transmission for M. tuberculosis?

A

Person to person transmission by infectious aerosols

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18
Q

These kind of people are more prone to have M. tuberculosis…?

A
  • Medically underserved
  • Poor
  • Homeless
  • Prison inmates
  • Alcoholics
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19
Q

What are the VF of M. tuberculosis?

A
  • LAM
  • Cord factor glycoprotein
  • Mycolic acid
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20
Q

What is the role of Lipoarabinomannan (LAM)?

A
  • Inhibits macrophage activation

- Prevents phagosome fusion with lysosome

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21
Q

What is the role of Mycolic acid?

A
  • Makes M. tb resistant to complement

- IMPORTANT in granuloma formation

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22
Q

What is the role of Cord factor?

A
  • Interferes with phagosome maturation

- Induces release of TNF-alpha

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23
Q

What is the role of 19kDa Lipoprotein?

A
  • Induces apoptosis in late stage of infection
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24
Q

What is the role of PDIM (pthiocerol dimycocerasate)?

A
  • Interferes with MHC-II loading in vacuole

- May prevent pH from lowering

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25
Q

Pathogenesis of primary infection with M. Tb

A
  • organism engulfed by Alveolar macs
  • non resistant macrophages attracted
  • macrophages transport bacteria to hilar LN
  • CMI stimulated
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26
Q

What is involved in Ghon complex?

A

Lung lesion + Enlarged LNs

27
Q

In M. Tb, the CMI leads to formation of what?

A

Tubercles/Granulomas

28
Q

Progression of M. Tb leads to what?

A

cavitation or bursting of contaminated MTB

29
Q

Large granuloma histological findings?

A
  • Necrotic center
  • caseous with fibrin, liquid, calcification
  • Breaks open to release bacteria
30
Q

where to MTBs reside?

A

in macrophages

31
Q

Clinical findings of a chronic disease?

A
  • Calcification
  • Fibrosis, scarring
  • persist for life
  • Show up as radio-opaque nodules
32
Q

Reactivation of dormant M. Tb is usually where?

A

Apex of the Lung

33
Q

Tubercles are found in many tissues including?

A
  • Bones: Potts disease
  • Kidney: Cement or Putty kidney
  • Meningitis
  • Liver
  • Gut
34
Q

Miliary TB is also called?

A

Disseminated TB

35
Q

Disseminated TB is characterized by what?

A
  • wide spread into the human body via blood stream in the macrophages.
  • They resemble millet seeds
36
Q

What is the diagnosis steps for M. Tb?

A
  1. Tuberculin Skin test (positive)
  2. Chest x-ray and clinical exam (abnormal)
  3. Sputum culture (positive)
  4. Active TB treatment
37
Q

how many consecutive sputum samples do you have to take in order to consider positive MTB?

A

3 consecutive sputum cultures. (treat with 2% NaOH)

38
Q

If chest x-rays are normal for MTB and sputum culture is negative for MTB what does this mean?

A

Latent Tuberculosis

39
Q

What kind of hypersensitivity type is the Mantoux Tuberculin test?

A

Type IV, CMI response

40
Q

Mantoux test in Exposed/HIV+ individual?

A

5-9mm positive if person is in category 1

41
Q

Mantoux test in High risk/HIV- individual?

A

10-14 mm positive if person in category 2

42
Q

Mantoux test in Low Risk/HIV- individual?

A

Greater then or equal to 15mm positive if person in category 3

43
Q

M. Tb x-ray shows what?

A

Cavity like lesion in upper lobe of lung

44
Q

what are the sputum culture biochemical tests for M. TB for Niacin, Nitrate reductase and Catalase?

A
  • Niacin is (+)
  • Nitrate reductase is (-)
  • Catalse is (-)
45
Q

What are the pros and cons for using Sputum Immunofluorescence for diagnosing M. Tb?

A

pros: don’t have to wait for culture

- too few bacilli in sample

46
Q

What stain do you use for M. TB sputum immunofluorescence?

A

Rhodamine-Auramine Stain

  • high sensitivity
  • low specificity
47
Q

What is the Quantiferon TB test?

A

Patients blood sample is mixed with Tb antigens in vitro.

48
Q

What does the Quantiferon diagnostic TB test quantitate?

A

it quantitates INF-Y production by pre-sensitized cells.

49
Q

What is the treatment for M. TB for 2 months?

A
  • Isoniazid
  • Rifampin
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
50
Q

What is the treatment for M. TB for 4-6 months?

A
  • Isoniazid

- Rifampin

51
Q

What do you use as treatment of M. TB if bacteria is Multi-drug resistant (MDR)?

A
  • Pyrazinamide

- Ethambutol

52
Q

What do you use as treatment of M. TB if bacteria is Extensively drug resistant (XDR)?

A

Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin)

53
Q

what is the Bacillus calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine prepared from?

A

Live attenuated M. bovis strain

54
Q

What are the symptoms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?

A
  • Bad cough lasting 3 weeks or longer
  • Cough up blood
  • weakness
  • weight loss
55
Q

M. Leprae is similar to M. TB, except for the following?

A
  • Cannot grow in cell free culture
  • Prefer lower temps
  • Affects human and animals (armadillos)
  • Targets nerves of the extremities
56
Q

M. Leprae’s 2 disease manifestations are due to what?

A

due to Th1 or Th2 response

57
Q

what are “leonine facies” of Lepromatous leprosy?

A
  • Loss of eye brows
  • Nasal collapse
  • Lumpy earlobe
58
Q

What is the reservoir for Mycobacterium Leprae in USA?

A

Armadillos

59
Q

Leprosy is also known as?

A

Hansen’s Disease

60
Q

What are Hansen’s disease 2 forms?

A
  • Lepromatous

- Tuberculoid

61
Q

What is Lepromatous leprosy characterized by?

A

Low cell mediated immunity with a humoral Th2 response

62
Q

What is Tuberculoid leprosy characterized by?

A

High cell mediated mediated immunity with a largely Th1 type immune response

63
Q

Which Mycobacterium complex has a very strong associated with AIDS patients?

A

M. avium complex (MAC)

Bacteriology (17 decks)

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