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Functional Anatomy > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different types of bone?

A
  • Cortical/Compact

- Cancellous/Spongy/Trabecular

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2
Q

What is the composition of a long bone?

A

A diaphysis (shaft) with two epiphyses (ends + articulating surfaces). 80% Compact Bone, 20% Trabecular Bone.

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3
Q

Explain what Cortical or Compact Bone is

A

External, hard surfaces of bone. Mostly the walls of diaphyses

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4
Q

Explain what trabecular bone is

A

a lattice of fine bone plates and bone marrow, which reduces skeletal mass without comprising strength

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5
Q

What are the two categories the skeleton can be split into?

A

the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

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6
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A

The Skull, Sternum, Ribcage and Spinal Column (including sacrum)

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7
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

All appendages, the shoulder girdle and pelvic girdle (excluding the sacrum)

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8
Q

What are the types of bones?

A
  • Short Bones
  • Flat Bones
  • Irregular Bones
  • Long Bones
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9
Q

Give examples of a short bone?

A

Carpals and Tarsals

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10
Q

Give examples of flat bones?

A

Scapulae, Innominate Bone

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11
Q

What are some other words for the Pelvic Bone?

A

Innominate Bone and Coxal Bone

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12
Q

Give examples of an irregular bone?

A

The sacrum

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13
Q

Give an example of a long bone?

A

Femur or Humerus

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14
Q

List the 8 common bone features

A
  • Articular Surface
  • Condyle
  • Trochlea
  • Tuberosity
  • Trochanter
  • Process
  • Spine
  • Fossa
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15
Q

What is an articular surface on a bone?

A

The point where bones meet to make a joint

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16
Q

What is a bone Condyle?

A

A round convex protuberance at the end of a bone (e.g. Med and Lat Condyle of the Femur)

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17
Q

What is a bone Trochlea?

A

A ‘pulley-like’ structure, such as the groove at the distal end of the humerus

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18
Q

What is a bone tuberosity?

A

A rounded prominence, usually to provide attachment for tendons and ligaments

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19
Q

What is a bone Trochanter?

A

A boney protrusion for muscle attachment (only on the femur)

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20
Q

What is a bone process?

A

A projection from a bone, like the olecranon process (elbow)

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21
Q

What is a bone spine?

A

A prominant plate or ridge on a bone, like the scapular spine

22
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A hollow or depression in a bone, like the glenoid fossa or subscapular fossa both on the scapula

23
Q

What is bone stiffness?

A

resistance to compressive/tensile deformation

24
Q

What are the two types of bone growth?

A

Longitudinal and Circumferential Growth

25
Q

What is longitudinal bone growth?

A
  • Growth at ephyses or epiphyseal plates which usually stops around 18 yrs old
26
Q

What is circumferential bone growth?

A

Increasing diameter of bones over lifespan, though most rapid before adulthood

27
Q

what is Wolf’s Law, in regards to bones response to stress?

A

Bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease

28
Q

What causes bone hypertrophy?

A

Increased activity/strain causing increase osteoblast activity

29
Q

what causes bone atrophy?

A

decrease in physical activity/strain leading to increased osteoclast activity (e.g. bed-ridden people)

30
Q

What are the functions of joints?

A
  • To facilitate relative motion between bones

- To transmit force from one bone to another

31
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

smooth white cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones to allows them to move with less friction

32
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

a membranous structure surrounding the joint filled with synovial fluid

33
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

Viscous liquid found in cavities of synovial joints/diarthroses to reduce friction

34
Q

What are the 3 main types of joint?

A
  • Synarthroses
  • Amphiarthroses
  • Diarthroses
35
Q

What are synarthroses?

A

an unmovable joint which attenuates force (e.g. joints formed between the plates of the skull)

36
Q

What are amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly movable joints which attenuate force but also permit slight motion at the joint

37
Q

What are the two kinds of amphiarthroses?

A
  • Synchondroses

- Sympheses

38
Q

What are sympheses?

A

Layers of articular cartilage separating fibrocartilage from bone (e.g. Pubic Symphysis)

39
Q

What are Synchondroses?

A

Amphiarthroses held together by a thin layer of cartilage (e.g. epiphyseal plates pre-ossification)

40
Q

What are Diarthroses?

A

Synovial Joints: freely moving

41
Q

What are the six types of Diarthroses?

A
  • Gliding Joints
  • Hinge Joints
  • Pivot Joints
  • Condyloid Joints
  • Saddle Joints
  • Ball and Socket
42
Q

What is a gliding diarthrodial joint?

A

A joint formed between two flat articulating surfaces which glides non-axially (e.g. intercarpal/tarsal joints)

43
Q

What is a hinge diarthrodial joint?

A

Joint formed between concave and convex articulating surfaces, limited to single plane movement due to restriction by collateral ligaments (e.g. Elbow)

44
Q

What is a pivot diarthrodial joint?

A

A joint where rotation is permitted on one axis (e.g. radioulnar joint)

45
Q

What is a condyloid diarthrodial joint?

A

a joint between a concave and convex articulating surface allowing movement in both sagittal and frontal planes (e.g. radiocarpal joint)

46
Q

What is a saddle diarthrodial joint?

A

Similar to condyloid with greater range of motion due to saddle shape (e.g. CMC joint in thumb)

47
Q

What is a ‘ball and socket’ diarthrodial joint?

A

a joint between concave and convex articulating surfaces which allows movement in all three planes (e.g. hip and shoulder)

48
Q

Which diarthroses are triaxial?

A

Only Ball and socket

49
Q

Give examples of biaxial joints

A

Condyloid and Saddle

50
Q

Give examples of uniaxial joints

A

Hinge and Pivot

Functional Anatomy (8 decks)

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