the dorsal scapular nerve innervates…
levator scap
rhomboids
scapular winging is the result of..
long thoracic nerve injury (serratus anterior)
how to injure the subcutaneous olecrenon bursa
repeated excessive friction (Student’s elbow)
major ulnar deviators
FCU
ECU
the thumb contributes to ___% of the hand’s function
40%
purpose of the radiate
stabilize the hand for impact
what is the most frequently injured carpal bone
scaphoid
what does the flexor retinaculum attach to
scaphoid and trapezium
most active muscle in grasping
ECRB (holds wrist in extension)
what does the anatomical neck of the humerus separate
the head
the tubercles
what is a Colles’ fracture and how does it happen
fracture of distal radius
results from a FOOSH
three most common nerve to injure following humerus fractures
axillary
radial
ulnar
what muscle supinates only when elbow is flexed to 90
biceps brachii
the primary supinator muscle AND when is it most active
supinator
most active with low loads and slow movement
what does median nerve innervate
dorsal portions of 2, 3, and lateral half of 4
from DIP to tip of finger
what muscles facilitate elbow extension in closed chain movements (pushups, pushing heavy objects)
pec major
anterior deltoid
muscles that flex the digits
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicus longus
how to damage the radial artery
supracondylar fracture of the elbow
proximal row of carpal bones (lateral to medial)
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
function of the quadratus
arm pronation
ulnar nerve damage results in (wrist)…
flexion of the ulnar side digits
power grip
when does the biceps brachii flex
with forearm supination
when lifting loads over 2lbs
long thoracic nerve nerve roots
C5-C7
what position are the fingers and wrist in for power grip
finger flexion
wrist extension, ulnar deviation
purpose of the volar plate
increase articular surface during extension
what is the extensor hood
fibrous mechanism on the dorsum of each finger that is a fibrous expansion of the extensor digitorum tendon
what does the brachioradialis do
flexes elbow
stablize supination and pronation during strong resistance
two additional muscles that contribute to elbow flexion
flexor carpi ulnaris
pronator teres
what does ulnar nerve innervate
hypothenar (5th and medial half of 4th)
the main elbow flexor
brachialis
three muscles active during both wrist flexion and extension that provide dynamic wrist stability
ECU
EPB
APL
articulation of the radiocarpal joint
convex scaphoid and lunate
concave radius
what can result following anterior dislocation of the lunate
compression of the median nerve against the flexor retinaculum
major wrist flexors
FCR
FCU
the major elbow extensor
triceps brachii
frequently fractured site of humerus
surgical neck
most common injury to the ulnar nerve
compressed in Osborne’s fascia (cubital tunnel)
why is a fracture to the scaphoid potentially serious
it has poor blood supply
=
avascular necrosis during the healing process
injury to the brachial artery (occlusion/laceration) can result in
ischemia of the deep flexor muscles of the forearm
–>
Volkmann’s ischemic contracture
the ulna and radial arteries join to form the ____ which supplies ____
join to form the palmar arch
digital branches supply each digit
necessary wrist extension degrees for optimal use of hand
20-30 degrees
distal row of carpal bones (lateral to medial)
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
median nerve injury results in (wrist)…
flexion of the digits on the radial side of the hand
precision grip
what is the volar plate and where is it located
thickening of the capsule
present at palmar aspect of MCP, PIP, and DIP
purpose of extensor hood
assist with extension of PIP and DIP joints
major radial deviators (abduction)
ECRL
ERCB
FCR
the brachial artery is a continuation of the _____ artery
where can the brachial artery be palpated
axillary –> brachial
palpated over anterior cubital fossa
blood supply to the hand
ulna and radial arteries
during flexion, digits rotate ______ to enhance grasp and opposition
radially
injury to the suprascapular nerve results in
decreased ABD
decreased ER
the carpal tunnel has a…
flexor retinaculum
radial nerve damage affects the ability to (wrist/hand)…
maintain functional wrist position
release an object