Layer fibrous tissue
Fascia
Connective tissue forms broad fibrous sheets
Aponeuroses
The sarcoplasm might contain these threadlike things that lie parallel to one another. These play a functional role in muscle contraction. Can be thought of as sarcomeres joined end to end
Myofibrils
A type of protein filament that is thick. Composed of two twisted protein strands with globular parts called cross bridges projecting outwards along their length
Myosin
Type of protein filament that is thin. Is a globular structure with a binding site to which the myosin sign cross bridges can attach.
Actin
The striations form this repeating pattern of units along each muscle fiber
Sarcomeres
Membrane channel that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it. Networks within the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Membrane channel that extends inwards as invaginations from the fiber’s membrane and passes all the way through the fiber. Opens to the outside of the muscle fiber in contain extracellular fluid. Lies between two large portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Transverse tubules
Neurons that control the factors, including skeletal muscles
Motor neurons
The functional connection between the axon of neurons and the Dendrite or cell body of another neuron or the membrane of another cell type
Synapse
Neurons communicate with the cells that are controlled by releasing chemicals at synapse
Neurotransmitter
The connection between the motor neurons and the muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
Specialized part of a muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction. In this region of the muscle fiber nuclei and mitochondria are abundant, and the cell membrane is extensively folded
Motor end plate
A motor neuron and the muscle fiber associate
Motor unit
Proteins part of the actin filament
Troponin and tropomyosin
The sarcomeres shortening. Thick and thin filaments do not change length rather they slide past one another, with the thin filament sliding towards the center of the sarcomeres from both ends
Sliding filament model
The globular portion of the myosin filaments contain this enzyme
ATPase
Type of neurotransmitter that synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and stored it vesicles at the distal end of the motor neuron axon. This causes muscle contractions
Acetylcholine
A impulse that passes in all directions over the surface of the muscle fiber membrane and travels through the transverse tubules, deep into the fiber, until it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Muscle impulse
This is an enzyme that is present at the neuromuscular junction on the membranes of the motor and plate. It prevents a single nerve impulse from continuously stimulating the muscle fiber
Acetylcholinesterase
Molecule that regenerates ATP from ADP he. It contains high-energy phosphate bonds and it is 4 to 6 times more abundant in muscle fiber in ATP. This cannot directly supply energy to the cell energize utilizing reaction. Stores excess energy released from mitochondria
Creating phosphate
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
A pigmented protein in the muscles that carry oxygen
Myoglobin
The amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose
Oxygen debt
Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction
Threshold stimulus
The contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse. Consists of a periodic contraction during which the fiber pulls at its attachments followed by a period of relaxation during which the pulling force declines
Twitch
The delay between the time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction. Maybe less than 2 ms
Lament period
Increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes
Summation
Continuous, forceful muscular contraction without relaxation
Tetanic contraction
Increase in the number of motor units that are active stimulation intensity increases
Recruitment
This is a response to nerve impulses that originate repeatedly from the spinal cord and stimulate a few muscle fibers. This happens even when the muscles seem to be at rest
Muscle tone
One major type of smooth muscle. The muscle fibers are separated rather than organized into sheets. Typically this tissue contracts only in response to simulation by motor nerve impulses or certain hormones
Multiunit smooth muscle
One major type of smooth muscle. It is composed of sheets of spindle shaped cells in close contact with one another. This is the more common type of smooth muscle tissue
Visceral smooth tissue
Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the wall of certain tubular organs
Peristalsis
The immovable end of the muscle
Origin
Movable end of the muscle
Insertion
Muscle responsible for a particular body movement.
Prime mover or agonist
Muscles that assist the action of a prime mover
Synergists
A muscle that opposes a prime mover
Antagonists
The layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle
Epimysium
Layer of connective tissue that extends and inwards from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small compartments
Perimysium
The compartments of the perimysium. Contains bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.
Fascicles
Each muscle fiber with a fascicle that lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin covering
Endomysium
The alternating light and dark bands on a skeletal muscle fiber
Striations
The light band marks that are composed of thin actin filaments directly attached to structures called Z lines(striation)
I band
The dark band that is composed of thin myosin filaments overlapping the actin filaments (striation)
A band
Area where the A band consist of a region where the thick and the thin filaments overlap in this central region
H zone
This line consist of proteins that help hold the thick filaments in place. In the H zone
M line
Structure that is directly attached to the I band
Z line
The transverse lies between these two large portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae
An intermediate product of carbohydrate oxidation
Puruvic acid
An organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
Pattern of repeated contractions
Rhythmicity
The oppositions end of cardiac muscle cells are connected by crossbands called this
Intercalated discs