Muscular System Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Muscular System Deck (54)
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1
Q

Layer fibrous tissue

A

Fascia

2
Q

Connective tissue forms broad fibrous sheets

A

Aponeuroses

3
Q

The sarcoplasm might contain these threadlike things that lie parallel to one another. These play a functional role in muscle contraction. Can be thought of as sarcomeres joined end to end

A

Myofibrils

4
Q

A type of protein filament that is thick. Composed of two twisted protein strands with globular parts called cross bridges projecting outwards along their length

A

Myosin

5
Q

Type of protein filament that is thin. Is a globular structure with a binding site to which the myosin sign cross bridges can attach.

A

Actin

6
Q

The striations form this repeating pattern of units along each muscle fiber

A

Sarcomeres

7
Q

Membrane channel that surrounds each myofibril and runs parallel to it. Networks within the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

8
Q

Membrane channel that extends inwards as invaginations from the fiber’s membrane and passes all the way through the fiber. Opens to the outside of the muscle fiber in contain extracellular fluid. Lies between two large portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Transverse tubules

9
Q

Neurons that control the factors, including skeletal muscles

A

Motor neurons

10
Q

The functional connection between the axon of neurons and the Dendrite or cell body of another neuron or the membrane of another cell type

A

Synapse

11
Q

Neurons communicate with the cells that are controlled by releasing chemicals at synapse

A

Neurotransmitter

12
Q

The connection between the motor neurons and the muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular junction

13
Q

Specialized part of a muscle fiber membrane at a neuromuscular junction. In this region of the muscle fiber nuclei and mitochondria are abundant, and the cell membrane is extensively folded

A

Motor end plate

14
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fiber associate

A

Motor unit

15
Q

Proteins part of the actin filament

A

Troponin and tropomyosin

16
Q

The sarcomeres shortening. Thick and thin filaments do not change length rather they slide past one another, with the thin filament sliding towards the center of the sarcomeres from both ends

A

Sliding filament model

17
Q

The globular portion of the myosin filaments contain this enzyme

A

ATPase

18
Q

Type of neurotransmitter that synthesized in the cytoplasm of the motor neuron and stored it vesicles at the distal end of the motor neuron axon. This causes muscle contractions

A

Acetylcholine

19
Q

A impulse that passes in all directions over the surface of the muscle fiber membrane and travels through the transverse tubules, deep into the fiber, until it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Muscle impulse

20
Q

This is an enzyme that is present at the neuromuscular junction on the membranes of the motor and plate. It prevents a single nerve impulse from continuously stimulating the muscle fiber

A

Acetylcholinesterase

21
Q

Molecule that regenerates ATP from ADP he. It contains high-energy phosphate bonds and it is 4 to 6 times more abundant in muscle fiber in ATP. This cannot directly supply energy to the cell energize utilizing reaction. Stores excess energy released from mitochondria

A

Creating phosphate

22
Q

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells

A

Hemoglobin

23
Q

A pigmented protein in the muscles that carry oxygen

A

Myoglobin

24
Q

The amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose

A

Oxygen debt

25
Q

Stimulation level that must be exceeded to elicit a nerve impulse or a muscle contraction

A

Threshold stimulus

26
Q

The contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse. Consists of a periodic contraction during which the fiber pulls at its attachments followed by a period of relaxation during which the pulling force declines

A

Twitch

27
Q

The delay between the time of stimulation and the beginning of contraction. Maybe less than 2 ms

A

Lament period

28
Q

Increased force of contraction by a skeletal muscle fiber when a twitch occurs before the previous twitch relaxes

A

Summation

29
Q

Continuous, forceful muscular contraction without relaxation

A

Tetanic contraction

30
Q

Increase in the number of motor units that are active stimulation intensity increases

A

Recruitment

31
Q

This is a response to nerve impulses that originate repeatedly from the spinal cord and stimulate a few muscle fibers. This happens even when the muscles seem to be at rest

A

Muscle tone

32
Q

One major type of smooth muscle. The muscle fibers are separated rather than organized into sheets. Typically this tissue contracts only in response to simulation by motor nerve impulses or certain hormones

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

33
Q

One major type of smooth muscle. It is composed of sheets of spindle shaped cells in close contact with one another. This is the more common type of smooth muscle tissue

A

Visceral smooth tissue

34
Q

Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the wall of certain tubular organs

A

Peristalsis

35
Q

The immovable end of the muscle

A

Origin

36
Q

Movable end of the muscle

A

Insertion

37
Q

Muscle responsible for a particular body movement.

A

Prime mover or agonist

38
Q

Muscles that assist the action of a prime mover

A

Synergists

39
Q

A muscle that opposes a prime mover

A

Antagonists

40
Q

The layer of connective tissue that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

41
Q

Layer of connective tissue that extends and inwards from the epimysium and separates the muscle tissue into small compartments

A

Perimysium

42
Q

The compartments of the perimysium. Contains bundles of skeletal muscle fibers.

A

Fascicles

43
Q

Each muscle fiber with a fascicle that lies within a layer of connective tissue in the form of a thin covering

A

Endomysium

44
Q

The alternating light and dark bands on a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Striations

45
Q

The light band marks that are composed of thin actin filaments directly attached to structures called Z lines(striation)

A

I band

46
Q

The dark band that is composed of thin myosin filaments overlapping the actin filaments (striation)

A

A band

47
Q

Area where the A band consist of a region where the thick and the thin filaments overlap in this central region

A

H zone

48
Q

This line consist of proteins that help hold the thick filaments in place. In the H zone

A

M line

49
Q

Structure that is directly attached to the I band

A

Z line

50
Q

The transverse lies between these two large portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Cisternae

51
Q

An intermediate product of carbohydrate oxidation

A

Puruvic acid

52
Q

An organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid

53
Q

Pattern of repeated contractions

A

Rhythmicity

54
Q

The oppositions end of cardiac muscle cells are connected by crossbands called this

A

Intercalated discs