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Semester 2 > MSK Session 9 > Flashcards

MSK Session 9 Flashcards

0
Q

How is the knee locked and unlocked in extension?

A

Femur rotates internally over tibia to lock

Popliteus helps rotate femur externally to unlock

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1
Q

Why can the knee be locked in extension?

A

To reduce energy needed to remain upright

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2
Q

Which muscles are used for movement at the knee joint?

A

Flexion: hamstrings
Extension: quad
Medial rotation: semitendinous
Lateral rotation: biceps femoris

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3
Q

When can rotation of the knee joint occur?

A

When flexed

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4
Q

Why must the knee joint be deepened?

A

To stabilise the mismatch b/w shapes on the tibial plateau

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5
Q

How is the knee joint deepened?

A

Deepening the articular surface of the tibial element w/the menisci

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6
Q

What shape do the medial and lateral menisci have?

A

Wedge

Thicker at edges than in middle

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7
Q

What shape are the medial menisci?

A

C-shaped

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8
Q

Which menisci are more circular and more mobile?

A

Lateral

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9
Q

What ensures synovial fluid is distributed evenly in the knee?

A

Menisci

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10
Q

What do the menisci attach to?

A

Intercondylar areas
Joint capsule via coronary ligaments
Each other by transverse ligament of the knee

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11
Q

What supplies blood to the knee joint?

A

10 vessels of peri-articular be ocular anastomoses around knee

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12
Q

What especially stabilises the knee joint?

A

Inferior fibres of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis

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13
Q

What supports the knee laterally?

A

Iliotibial tract

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14
Q

Which blood vessels are involved in supplying the knee?

A

Femoral, popliteal, anterior and posterior recurrent branches of the anterior tibial recurrent and circumflex fibular arteries

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15
Q

How are the medial and lateral tibial condyles distinguished?

A

Medial - slightly concave

Lateral - slightly convex

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16
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle on the femur?

A

On the medial epicondyle

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17
Q

Why is the medial epicondyle of the femur larger than the lateral?

A

Bears more weight

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18
Q

What are the intracapsular ligaments which cross over and are named by their attachment to tibia?

A

Cruciate

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19
Q

What is the path of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Passes anterior and inserts medially

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20
Q

What is the lathe of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Passes posterior and inserts laterally

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21
Q

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents tibia moving posteriorly in relation to femur

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22
Q

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevents tibia moving anteriorly in relation to femur

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23
Q

Which is the stronger cruciate ligament?

A

Posterior

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24
Q

Which is the main stabiliser cruciate ligament in weight bearing flexed knee?

A

Posterior

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25
Q

What does the posterior cruciate ligament limit?

A

Hyperflexion

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26
Q

What does the anterior cruciate ligament limit?

A

Hyperextension

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27
Q

What is the blood supply to the anterior cruciate ligament like?

A

Poor

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28
Q

What supports the knee anteriorly?

A

Patellar ligament

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29
Q

What is the oblique popliteal ligament an extension of?

A

Tendon of semitendinous

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30
Q

What supports the knee posteriorly by strengthening the capsule?

A

Oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments

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31
Q

Which ligaments are the extra-capsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Medial/tibial collateral

Lateral collateral

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32
Q

Where do the collateral ligaments of the knee extend from?

A

Femoral epicondyles

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33
Q

Where does the medial collateral ligament extend to?

A

Medial condyle of tibia at midpoint of medial meniscus

34
Q

Why does injury of the medial collateral ligament typically cause injury of the medial meniscus?

A

Due to attachment

35
Q

Why is the medial collateral ligament injured more than the lateral collateral ligament?

A

It is part of the fibrous capsule

36
Q

What does the lateral collateral ligament extend to?

A

Lateral surface of fibula head

37
Q

What reinforces the lateral collateral attachment to the lateral surface of the fibula head?

A

Iliotibial tract

38
Q

What is the unhappy triad?

A

Blow to side of knee –> lateral twisting of flexed knee –> medial meniscus torn, medial collateral torn, ACL torn

39
Q

What is damaged in hyperextension?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

40
Q

What do you use to test damage to the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior draw sign

41
Q

What is damaged by falling onto tibial tuberosity with flexed knee?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

42
Q

What is used to assess posterior cruciate ligament damage?

A

Posterior draw sign

May be visible looking side on

43
Q

Is injury to the ACL or PCL more common?

A

ACL

44
Q

Why is the lateral meniscus saved form injury and able to heal relatively well?

A

Relatively mobile

45
Q

What are the three bursae of the knee?

A

Supra-patellar
Pre patellar
Superficial infra-patellar

46
Q

What is Housemaid’s knee?

A

Inflammation of the pre patellar bursa typically from kneeling

47
Q

What is Clergyman’s knee?

A

Inflammation of the infra-patellar bursa typically from kneeling

48
Q

Why is osteoarthritis common in the knee?

A

Weight-bearing joint

49
Q

When is rheumatoid arthritis seen in the knee?

A

In severe progression

50
Q

What are Bakers cysts?

A

Abnormal fluid filled sacs of synovium in popliteal fossa due to chronic knee effusion

51
Q

What can popliteal cysts connect to?

A

Synovium of knee joint

52
Q

How quickly can popliteal cysts arise?

A

Overnight

53
Q

Which muscles are in the posterior thigh?

A

Semitendinous
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris

54
Q

What is the main action of the semitendinous?

A

Extend thigh
Flex leg
Medially rotate leg when flexed
Can extend trunk when thigh and leg flexed

55
Q

What is the main action of semimembranous?

A

Extend thigh
Flex leg
Rotate leg medially when flexed
Can extend trunk when thigh and leg flexed

56
Q

What innervates the posterior thigh muscles?

A

Sciatic nerve

57
Q

What is the main action of biceps femoris?

A

Flexes leg
Laterally rotates leg when knee is flexed
Extends thigh

58
Q

Which muscle is used to accelerate mass during first step of gait?

A

Biceps femoris

59
Q

What is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond shaped area on posterior leg through which most structures pass from the thigh to the leg

60
Q

What forms the superiomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranous

61
Q

What forms the superiolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

62
Q

What forms the inferio lateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

63
Q

What forms the inferio medial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Medial head of gastrocnemius

64
Q

What forms the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

Posterior surface of knee joint capsule

Posterior surface of femur

65
Q

What forms the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal fascia and skin

66
Q

What is the popliteal fascia continuous with?

A

Fascia lata of leg

67
Q

What is the contents of the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral?

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Tibial nerve
Common fibular nerve

68
Q

What is the most superficial in the popliteal fossa?

A

Nerves

69
Q

What are the tibial and common fibular nerve branches of?

A

Sciatic nerve

70
Q

What is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

71
Q

What is the popliteal artery?

A

Continuation of the femoral artery which supplies the leg w/blood

72
Q

What pierces the popliteal fascia to empty into the popliteal vein?

A

Small saphenous vein

73
Q

What lies at the termination of the small saphenous vein?

A

Small lymph node

74
Q

Describe the location of deep lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa.

A

Surround vessels and follow femoral vessels to deep inguinal lymph nodes

75
Q

What does Baker’s cyst aUsually arise in conjunction with?

A

Osteo or rheumatoid arthritis

76
Q

What does rupture of a popliteal cyst cause?

A

DVT symptoms

77
Q

Does a Baker’s cyst usually self resolve?

A

Yep

78
Q

Why does popliteal aneurysm cause compression of popliteal fossa contents?

A

Popliteal fascia layer is inextensible

79
Q

What is particularly susceptible to compression in popliteal aneurysm?

A

Tibial nerve

80
Q

What does tibial nerve compression in popliteal aneurysm cause?

A

Leg anaesthesia or loss of motor function

81
Q

How can a popliteal aneurysm be detected clinically?

A

Obvious palpable pulsation w/abnormal arterial sounds

82
Q

What are rarer causes of popliteal mass than popliteal cyst or aneurysm?

A

DVT
Adventitial cyst of the popliteal artery
Various neoplasms

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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