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Flashcards in MSK across lifespan Deck (50)
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1
Q

when does chondrogenesis take place?

A

intermittent loading

2
Q

when does osteogenesis take place?

A

continuous loading

3
Q

what tissues are developed from the mesoderm

A

bone, cartilage, and muscle

4
Q

bone formation occurs through:

A

endochondral or intramembranous ossification

5
Q

which bones are not formed by endochondral ossification?

A

clavicle, mandible, and skull

6
Q

When is cartilage gradually replaced through ossification?

A

8th fetal weeks

7
Q

Where is the primary ossification center located in bones?

A

typically in the center of the diaphysis

8
Q

T/F: the epiphyses are ossified at birth

A

False

they remain cartilaginous

9
Q

what to keep in mind for premature babies in regards to calcification

A

they have less calcified bones

10
Q

when are most bones fully ossified?

A

by 20 years old

11
Q

Where do long bones grow in length?

A

epiphyseal plate

12
Q

what is appositional growth?

A

accumulation of new bone on the bone surface

13
Q

when are the most rapid periods of bone growth?

A

prenatal
7 years old
adolescence

14
Q

when is the basic structure of a joint formed

A

6-8 weeks of gestation

15
Q

when is the final joint shape formed?

A

throughout early childhood

16
Q

Effects of mechanical forces:

Prenatal

A
  1. early on role is minimal

2. as fetus grows and space is confined, mech force more important

17
Q

process that includes bone formation and resorption to shape bones

A

modeling

18
Q

wolff’s law

A

bones develop a particular internal trabecular structure in response to the mechanical forces placed on them

19
Q

Longitudinal loading

A
  1. parallel to direction of growth

2. results in either compression or tension

20
Q

How to stimulate bone growth with longitudinal loading

A

apply intermittently with appropriate forces

21
Q

Which stimulates more growth:

intermittent compression or tension?

A

compression

22
Q

T/F: Constant or excessive static loading causes bone material to increase

A

False

23
Q

Hueter-Volkmann Principle

A

growth plates produce:

  1. increased growth in response to tension
  2. decreased growth in response to excessive compression
24
Q

What could happen if malalignment forces unequal forces across the epiphyseal plate?

A

uneven growth and malalignment

25
Q

stapling epiphyseal plate

A

slow growth

commonly used with leg length discrepencies in children

26
Q

procedure for limb lengthening

A

Ilizarod technique

27
Q

Shear forces parallel to epiphyseal plate leads to:

A

torsion / twisting changes

occurs with normal muscle pull

28
Q

Results of torsion:

A
  1. genu varum, valgum
  2. scoliosis
  3. assymetrical growth=fracture
29
Q

flexure drift

A
  1. strain on curved bone wall applied by repeated loading moves bone surface in direction of concavity
  2. bone resorbed from convex side and laid down on concave side
  3. seen in the femur as the child loses the initial genu varum
30
Q

Neonate alignment

A
  1. neonatal contractures (physiological limitations in motion)
  2. hip, knee, elbow FLX (hip 30 degrees)
  3. Hips shallow and unstable
31
Q

Neonate hip traits

A
  1. acetabulum largely cartilaginous and shallow
  2. femoral head flat.
  3. large femoral neck shaft angle
  4. anteverted
  5. excessive ABD (69-76. 60 by 2 y.o.).
  6. lateral rotation > medial rotation.
  7. coxa valga (135-145)
32
Q

neonate hip ABD decreases with:

A

development of upright postures

33
Q

neonate hip lateral rotation decreases with:

A

increased hip extension in first 2 years

34
Q

neonate coxa valga decreased to 125 by adolescence due to:

A

compression and tension forces that occur with WB and muscle pull

35
Q

antetorsion

A

head and neck of femur rotated forward in sagittal plane relative to axis through femoral condyles

36
Q

retrotorsion

A

head and neck of femur are rotated backwards

37
Q

femoral version

A

position of head of femur in acetabulum relative to posterior pelvis

38
Q

hip anteversion

A

head of femur anterior in acetabulum.

position of thigh ER

39
Q

hip retroversion

A

head of femur posterior in acetabulum

position of thigh IR

40
Q

Neonate femoral version

A

60 degrees of anteversion

41
Q

adulthood femoral version

A

12 degrees anteversion

42
Q

Why is the femur externally rotated at birth

A

anteversion > antetorsion

43
Q

neonate knee alignment

A
  1. knee flexion contracture of 20-30 degrees
  2. apparent physiological bowing
  3. tibiofemoral varus up to 15 deg
44
Q

apparent physiological bowing

A

tibia appears outwardly bowed in frontal plane

places lateral head of gastroc in more forward position

45
Q

When to treat neonate genu varus

A

if position of knees not decreasing by 18 months-2 years

especially if > 25 degrees

46
Q

When to treat neonate genu valgus

A

if it does not reduce to 5-7 degrees

47
Q

neonate tibial torsion

A

slight external torsion (5 degrees)

48
Q

tibial torsion age 14

A

18 degrees

49
Q

tibial torsion skeletal maturity

A

23-25 degrees

50
Q

neonate ankle and foot

A
  1. very flexible
  2. may have PF limitation
  3. talus and calcaneus inclined medially
  4. forefoot inverted in NWB
  5. foot should have straight lateral border
  6. if lateral border is a C: metatarsus adductus