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Physiology > Motor Physiology > Flashcards

Motor Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber that functions to detect muscle length

A

Muscle spindle (intrafusal) (5%)

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber for muscle contraction

A

Extrafusal (95%)

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3
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Glycolytic, white, Type II

A

Fast-twitch

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4
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Oxidative, red, Type I

A

Slow-twitch

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5
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

2x larger

A

Fast-twitch

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6
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Faster SR calcium reuptake

A

Fast-twitch

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7
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Enzymes are 2-3x more active in phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acid energy systems

A

Fast-twitch

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8
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Enzymes are more active in aerobic system

A

Slow-twitch

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9
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Myosin ATPase is high

A

Fast-twitch

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10
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Has more mitochondria, myoglobin, capillaries

A

Slow-twitch

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11
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

For power

A

Fast-twitch

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12
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

For endurance

A

Slow-twitch

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13
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

EOMs

A

Fast-twitch

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14
Q

Fast-twitch or slow-twitch?

Soleus, antigravity muscles of the back

A

Slow-twitch

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15
Q

Why is the atria able to contract separately from the ventricles?

A

Lack of gap junction between the atria and ventricles

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16
Q

Type of smooth muscle used for fine-control, (-) gap junctions

A

Multi-unit smooth muscle

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17
Q

Type of smooth muscle used for gross/coarse-control, (+) gap junctions

A

Unitary smooth muscle/Syncitial smooth muscle/Visceral smooth muscle

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18
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that may act on their own

A

Multi-unit

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19
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

One nerve, multiple muscle fibers that act together as one

A

Unitary

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20
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

Controlled mainly by nerve signals (Ach, NE)

A

Multi-unit

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21
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

May be controlled by nerve signals, hormones, stretch, local factors

A

Unitary

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22
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

No true action potential (no propagation); junctional potential only

A

Multi-unit

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23
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

Slow waves, spike potentials, plateau potentials

A

Unitary

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24
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

May exhibit spontaneous contractions

A

Unitary

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25
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

Uterus, intestines, bile ducts, ureters

A

Unitary

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26
Q

Multi-unit or Unitary smooth muscle?

ciliary eye muscle, iris, piloerector muscle, vas deferens

A

Multi-unit

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27
Q

Type of smooth muscle that is rhythmic and intermittent; ex. walls of the GI and urogenital tracts

A

Phasic smooth muscle

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28
Q

Type of smooth muscle that is continuously active; ex. vascular smooth muscle, respiratory smooth muscles, sphincters

A

Tonic smooth muscle

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29
Q

What is the arrangement from sarcomere to skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcomere –> Myofibril –> Muscle fiber –> Muscle fascicle –> Skeletal muscle

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30
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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31
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fascicle?

A

Perimysium

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32
Q

What is the connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

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33
Q

What is the plasma membrane surrounding the muscle fiber?

A

Sarcolemma

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34
Q

These are invaginations of the sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Transverse tubules

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35
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum surrounding myofibril which contains calcium

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

Functional unit of the muscle; area between two Z lines

A

Sarcomere

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37
Q

Thick filaments are also called:

A

Myosin

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38
Q

Three kinds of thin filaments:

A

Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin

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39
Q

Thick filaments are centered on the ___ line but will never reach the ___ line

A

M line, Z line

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40
Q

Thin filaments are centered on the ___ line but will never reach the ___ line

A

Z line, M line

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41
Q

Serve as borders of sarcomere where actin will attach

A

Z line/ Z disk

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42
Q

Area of the sarcomere that contains only thick filaments

A

H band

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43
Q

Area of the sarcomere that contains thick filaments but no myosin heads

A

Bare zone

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44
Q

Entire length of the myosin

A

A band

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45
Q

Area of the sarcomere that contains only thin filaments

A

I band

46
Q

Center of the sarcomere

A

M line

47
Q

Troponin which attaches troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

48
Q

Troponin which inhibits actin-myosin binding

A

Troponin I

49
Q

Troponin which is a calcium-binding protein

A

Troponin C

50
Q

Tethers myosin to Z lines; binds Z lines to M lines; largest protein in the body

A

Titin

51
Q

Stabilizes sarcolemma and prevents contraction-induced rupture

A

Dystrophin

52
Q

Binds actin to Z lines

A

Actinin, Cap Z protein

53
Q

Binds Z lines to sarcolemma

A

Desmin

54
Q

Act as a molecular ruler that sets the length of actin during assembly

A

Nebulin

55
Q

The negative pole is the area near the ___ line, while the positive pole is the area near the ___ line

A

M line, Z line

56
Q

When myosin heads pull on actin towards the negative pole, the sarcomere shortens. The following changes also happen.
I band is: ________
H band is: ________
A band is: ________

A

I band is obliterated
H band is shortened
A band remains the same

57
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction involves motor neurons and extrafusal fibers. This is demonstrated by:

A

Sliding filament model

58
Q

What do you call the actin and myosin interaction?

A

Cross-bridge formation

59
Q

During depolarization of a skeletal muscle, what receptor is activated in the transverse tubules?

A

Dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR)

60
Q

During depolarization of a skeletal muscle, what receptor is activated in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ryanodine receptor

61
Q

What acts as a “gate” preventing actin and myosin interaction during rest state, and exposes the binding site during skeletal contraction.

A

Tropomyosin

62
Q

What do you call the state where myosin is permanently bound to actin?

A

Rigor mortis

63
Q

Once ATP binds with myosin, the myosin-actin bind is disrupted. This event happens when there is partial hydrolysis of ATP bound to myosin.

A

Recocking (myosin head displaced toward + end of actin)

64
Q

Complete hydrolysis of ATP results in this event:

A

Powerstroke (pulling of the actin towards the M line)

65
Q

What is the distance achieved in each cross-bridge cycle?

A

10 nanometers

66
Q

Made up of alpha motor neuron (lower motor neuron), its axon and all muscle fibers it supplies

A

Motor unit

67
Q

Small motor units are recruited first before big motor units

A

Size principle

68
Q

Multiple fiber summation

A

Spatial summation

69
Q

Frequency summation

A

Temporal summation

70
Q

Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation producing stronger contraction each time

A

Staircase (Treppe) effect

71
Q

Basis for Treppe effect

A

Ca2+ accumulation, pH changes, increased temperature

72
Q

Complete fusion of individual muscle contraction when Ca2+ is all used up

A

Tetany

73
Q

Which of the following tetanizes at lower stimulus frequency, slow-twitch or fast-twitch fibers?

A

Slow-twitch

74
Q

Which of the following has larger maximal force during tetany, slow-twitch or fast-twitch fibers?

A

Fast-twitch

75
Q

What happens to passive tension, active tension, and force of contraction whenever a muscle is stretched?

A 
Passive tension (tension developed when muscle is stretched): increases
Active tension (tension developed when muscle is contracted): decreases
Force of contraction: increases
76
Q

Active tension and velocity of contraction reflect what?

A

Active tension: # of cross-bridges that cycle

Velocity of contraction: speed of cross-bridge cycling

77
Q

What happens to velocity of contraction if afterload is increased?

A

decreases

78
Q

Differentiate isometric contraction from isotonic contraction

A

Isometric: length is held constant
Isotonic: load is held constant

79
Q

Muscle shortening is called ________, while muscle lengthening is called _________

A

shortening: concentric contraction
lengthening: eccentric contraction

80
Q

When lifting a weight, what kind of contraction is happening?

A

Isometric contraction, followed by isotonic contraction

81
Q

Protective mechanism to prevent muscle cell injury or death

A

Muscle fatigue (occurs earlier in fast-twitch fibers)

82
Q

Muscle fatigue is _____ proportional to lactic acid levels and _____ proportional to muscle glycogen levels and creatine phosphate stores

A

directly proportional to lactic acid levels

inversely proportional to muscle glycogen levels

83
Q

What mechanisms increase Ca2+ influx to the cardiac muscle?

A

L-type or slow or long-acting calcium channel (predominant)

T-type or fast or transient calcium channel

84
Q

What mechanisms increase Ca2+ efflux to the ECF?

A

3Na-1Ca countertransport

Ca-ATPase pump

85
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

More developed Transverse tubules

A

Cardiac muscle

86
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

More developed sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Skeletal muscle

87
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Syncitium present

A

Cardiac muscle

88
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Can have tetany

A

Skeletal muscle

89
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Electromechanical coupling via Ca-induced, Ca-release

A

Cardiac muscle

90
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Electromechanical coupling via DHPR and RYR interaction

A

Skeletal muscle

91
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Transverse tubules located in the Z lines

A

Cardiac muscle

92
Q

Cardiac muscle vs Skeletal muscle:

Transverse tubules located in the end of I bands

A

Skeletal muscle

93
Q

Why is there no tetany in cardiac muscles?

A

Long refractory period brought about by Phase 2

94
Q

Substance that adds a phosphate to myosin in smooth muscles to during contraction

A

Myosin light chain kinase

95
Q

Substance that cleaves off phophate from myosin in smooth muscles for relaxation

A

Myosin light chain phosphatase

96
Q

Smooth muscle equivalent of Troponin I which inhibits actin-myosin binding

A

Caldesmon, Calponin

97
Q

Smooth muscle equivalent of Troponin C which binds to ECF Ca2+

A

Calmodulin

98
Q

Smooth muscle equivalent of z discs of skeletal muscles

A

Dense bodies

99
Q

Rudimentary t-tubules in smooth muscles

A

Caveoli

100
Q

Connect dense bodies with cytoskeletal network

A

Intermediate filaments (Desmin and Vimentin)

101
Q

Smooth muscles vs Skeletal muscles:

Uses more ATP

A

Skeletal muscles

102
Q

Smooth muscles vs Skeletal muscles:

Onset of contraction is faster

A

Skeletal muscles

103
Q

Smooth muscles vs Skeletal muscles:

Duration of contraction is longer

A

Smooth muscles

104
Q

Smooth muscles vs Skeletal muscles:

Force of contraction is stronger

A

Smooth muscles (4-6kg/cm2 vs 3-4kg/cm2 in skeletal muscles)

105
Q

Anterior motor neurons:
Alpha motor neurons for _____ fibers
Gamma motor neurons for _____ fibers

A 
Alpha = extrafusal
Gamma = intrafusal
106
Q

Facilitate lateral inhibition

A

Renshaw cell

107
Q

Sense of awareness of position of body in space

A

Proprioception

108
Q

Provide the CNS with information regarding muscle length, position and tension (force)

A

Proprioceptors

109
Q

Type of proprioceptor which is arranged in a parallel manner to extrafusal muscle fibers, and detects changes in muscle length and rate of change in muscle length

A

Muscle spindles

110
Q

Type of proprioceptor which is arranged in a series manner to extrafusal muscle fibers, and detects changes in muscle tension

A

Golgi tendon

111
Q

The silent area of the brain; sequences motor activity, monitors and adjusts motor activities as they are performed

A

Cerebellum

112
Q

Functional unit of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje (middle layer, always inhibitory), and Deep nuclear cell

Physiology (13 decks)

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