What do PTs do
Promote, restore, and enhance function
How can a PT assess function (3 part one)
- Assessment of movement
- Assessment of movement components
- Assessment of motion segment
How can a PT assess function (2 part one)
- Assessment of task
2. Factors: Environment, Societal, Psychological, and Emotional
What is assessment of movement
What joint is affected
What is motion segment
Arthrokinematics
What does arthrokinematics mean
Within the joint
How does a PT assess movement
Either dynamic or static assessment then kinetic or kinematic analysis
What is dynamic assessment
Task in it’s entirety
What is static assessment
Break task into phases
What in kinematic analysis
Describing motion (qualitative)
What is kinetic analysis
Deals with forces (quantitative)
During rotary or angular motion what happens
Each point on the object moves thru the same angle at the same time at a different constant distance
During translatory or linear motion what happens
Each point moves thru the same distance at the same time in parallel paths
What does concomitant mean
Occurring together and at the same time
True or False:
Gliding motion always occurs
True
What are the 3 cardinal directions
Frontal/Coronal, Sagittal/Medial, and Transverse/Axial/Horizontal
What axis does the sagittal plane correspond with
Mediolateral axis
What axis does the frontal plane correspond with
Anterior posterior axis
What axis does the transverse plane correspond with
Longitudinal/Vertical axis
What motion occurs in the sagittal plane
Flexion/Extension
What motion occurs in the frontal plane
Abduction/Adduction Lateral flexion/Sidebending (L or R spine)
What motion occurs in the transverse plane
External/Lateral rotation, Internal/Medial rotation, and Rotation (L or R spine)
What is magnitude measured in
Degrees or radians
What does degrees per second equal
Angular speed or rate
What does velocity equal
d/t
Velocity has what
Magnitude and direction
What is velocity without direction
Speed
What is translatory motion quantified by
linear distance
What does kinetics tell us
Why motion is occurring
What is kinetics the study of
Forces
What is an external force
Gravity, perturbation, friction, or wind
What is perturbation
Movement caused by an outside force
What are internal forces
Muscle force
What is the action line/line of action
Fiber orientation of muscle
1lb equals how many newtons
4.448N
What is the force of gravity
32 ft/s2
Weight equals what
MA
What is COG
Center of gravity
Where does COG occur
At the COM
What is LOG
Line of gravity
Where does LOG occur
The perpendicular line from the COG to the supporting surface
True or False:
The more points of contact with the supporting surface the less stable the person
False
Does having COM closer to the floor increase stability or decrease
Increase
What is BOS
Base of support
Increasing the BOS does what to stability
Increases
What does decreasing the coefficient of friction do to stability
Decrease
True or False:
An assistive device decreases the BOS
False
What is the best way to increase the BOS
In the direction of the force or perturbation coming
As velocity increases what happens to stabiltiy
Increases
Going faster in the intended direction causes what to happen stability
Increases
What is FICK
The subtle toe angle of your feet
What is a normal FICK
4-8 degrees
Do older people walk with a wider base of support or narrower
Narrower
What is Newton’s first law
Law of inertia, Object at rest remains at rest until acted on by an outside force
What is inertia
Property of an object to resist both the initiation of motion and change in motion
What does inertia relate to in biomechanics
Something at rest
What is Newton’s second law
Law of acceleration, acceleration is proportional to the unbalanced force acting on it and the mass of the object
What is Newton’s third law
Law of reaction, for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction
What is COP
Center of pressure
To change or create momentum there must be what
An external force
What does momentum equal
P=mv
What are the 4 ways to describe motion
- Location
- Direction
- Magnitude
- Rate or duration
What does location refer to
What is the joint in question or the plane of motion
What does direction refer to
What direction did it move in
What does magnitude refer to
How much, what degree
What does rate or duration refer to
How fast or how long
What is the angle of pull/inclination
Pitch or deflection of a muscle off a bone
What is LA
Lever arm
What is a lever arm
The distance from the point of application of muscle to the axis of rotation
What is the rotary line
Perpendicular line from the lever at the point of application
True or False:
You always put the vector on the more mobile segment
TRUE
What is the moment arm
The perpendicular distance from the line of action to the instantaneous center of rotation or axis of rotation
What is the equation for resistance
Sum of forces=0=Gc+Qc+R
What is the static equilibrium equation
(QMAQ)+(GrMAGr)
Torque equals what
Moment force
What is moment
A potential
Force applied to produce movement in the body are typically centered or off centered
Off centered
Torque equation
Torque=Force*Distance
The intent of summation of torques
Convert angular joint motion into linear movement of the end segment
What does maximum force rely on (3)
- Timely addition of joint torques
- Max torque production at each joint
- Participation of all joints possible
How does a parallel system work
Forces that are parallel but work in the opposite directions cause rotation
What does the effort equal
Agonist/Mover
What does the resistance equal
Antagonist
What does the fulcrum equal
The joint axis
What is a first class lever
Axis or rotation is between E and R
What is a second class lever
R is between the xis and E
What is a third class lever
E is between the axis and R
When are second class levers found
During eccentric contractions of most joints
When are third class levers found
During concentric contractions of most joints
What are second class levers good for
Power and efficiency
What are third class levers good for
Speed and ROM
What is the indicator of efficiency
The less effort necessary to overcome a greater resistance the greater the efficiency
What efficiency are second class levers
Most efficient MAdv>1
What efficiency are first class levers
Middle efficiency MAdv=1
What efficiency are third class levers
Least efficient MAdv
What is MAdv
Mechanical advantage