Cervical spinal roots may descend up to 8 mm in the ______ space and then ascend to exit the _____
Subarachnoid; intervertebral foramen
The length of the L5/S1 intervertebral foramen is increased beyond the pedicle by the lumbosacral tunnel. The TVP of L5, sacral ala, and the lumbosacral ligaments form the boundaries of the tunnel and provide sources of encroachment for the L5 spinal nerve. This condition is known as?
Far out syndrome
What conditions can cause destructive lesions on the vertebral bodies which can lead to nerve compression?
TB, hemangiomas, osteoporosis
What conditions are congenital or acquired alterations of the curvature of the spine which can cause nerve compression?
Pregnancy, obesity and the use of heavy backpacks
Lateral curves appear after what age?
6
What is the only significant muscle attaching to accessory processes?
Longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
Which muscle attaches to the spinous process and lamina of C2?
Obliquus capitis inferior
Only muscle in cervical spine attaching to vertebral bodies is?
Longus colli
What was Ossification of PLL originally known as
DISH- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
What is polygenic autosomal dominant, near HLA on chromosome 6?
Ossification of PLL
The capsular ligament is long and loose in _______
And short and tight in _________
Cervical and lumbar;
Thoracic
What are the degrees of movement of the Atlanto-occipital joint?
Flexion/extension- 25 degrees
Side axial rotation- 3-8 degrees
Lateral bend- 5 degrees
What are the degrees of movement of the Atlanto-axial joint?
Flexion/extension- 20 degrees
Lateral bend- 5 degrees
Axial rotation- 40 degrees
What accounts for 60% of axial rotation along the cervical spine?
Occipital-atlantal-axial joint complex
The distance between the deep and superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments represents the?
Spinal cord diameter
Which is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments?
Interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
True ribs =
Costa verae = 1-7
False ribs =
Costa spuriae= 8-12
Opthalmic artery and vein do not travel together, where do they travel?
Artery- through optic canal
Vein- through superior orbital fissure
What structures enter the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VIII
Motor part of CN VII
Nervus intermedius
Internal auditory artery and vein
What are the 3 facial muscles with no attachment to bone?
Procerus
Risorius
Orbicularis oris
What is not included in any of the 3 layers of the eyeball?
Lens
Which nerve is the only one with dorsal apparent origin and only nerve to cross over to contralateral side?
Trochlear nerve
What is the only vascular supply to the retina?
Central artery of the retina
What is the only cranial sensory nucleus that will contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies?
Mesencephalic nucleus
The sphincter pupillae constricts but is?
Parasympathetic
The dilator pupillae dilates but is?
Sympathetic
What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?
CN III CN IV CN VI Opthalmic division of CN V Ophthalmic veins
What is a bending forward condition?
Lordosis- any deviation of a curve toward anterior
What is a hunchback condition?
Kyphosis- any deviation of a curve toward posterior
What is a warped or crooked condition?
Scoliosis- abnormal curve
What is a decreased anterior curve in the cervical region?
Military neck- kyphosis, hypo lordotic
What is an increased posterior curve in the thoracic/dorsal region and example of kyphosis?
Humpback/ hunchback- hyperkyphotic
What is an increased anterior curve in the lumbar region?
Swayback- lordosis, hyperlordotic
What are the 4 modifications of a synovial joint?
Synovial villi
Articular fat pads
Synovial menisci
Intra-articular discs
The superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae is the?
Funicular part
The deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae is the?
Lamellar part
How many layers of the supra spinous ligament and where is it best developed?
3 layers and best developed in lumbar
What are the 3 types of Vera/true sutures?
Limbous
Serrate
Denticulate
LSD
What are the 2 types of false/notha sutures?
Harmonia
Squamous
FIB: what specific morphological synovial joint classifications will be observed forming part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramina along the vertebral column?
Diarthrosis arthrodia
Diarthrosis ellipsoidal
Diarthrosis trochoid
What feature stressed in class is unique about the veins forming the plexuses around and within the vertebrae?
No valves
Type A synovial cells do what?
They are readily phagocytic and eliminate degradation products APE
Type B synovial cells do what?
Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
BPH
What allows cartilage to rapidly return to initial volume after compressive force is removed?
Elastic property- fast- time independent
What implies the cartilage more slowly returns to initial volume once compressive force is removed?
Viscoelastic property- slow- time dependent
what is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
the righting reflex
what is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb method
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12%-21% incidence
identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
what is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous and supraspinous ligaments?
they are proprioceptive transducers for the spinal reflex
embryologically, what forms the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental ligament?
the notochord
what is the age and gender bias associated with ankylosis of the sacro-iliac joint?
age 50 and male bias particularly in African American males
what are the contents of the foramen lacerum?
internal carotid artery
carotid sympathetic nerve plexus
venous plexus
what is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
what are the layers of the eyelid?
skin
orbicularis oculi
tarsal plate
palpebra conjunctiva