Module 5 : Earth's Structure Flashcards
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
List examples of pure substances and mixtures.
- pure substance : gold (element), diamond (element), water (compound), methane (compound)
- mixture : ocean water (salt, water, gases, etc.), rocks (different minerals), air (oxygen and water, other elements), not necessarily bonded together.
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
Describe the difference between a pure substance and a mixture
- pure substance : an element or a compound; a substance with a fixed chemical composition
- mixture : a combination of two or more pure substances
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
What is the difference between a heterogenous and homogenous mixture?
- heterogenous mixture : a mixture in which the components are unevenly distributed
- homogenous mixture : a mixture in which the components are evenly distributed
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
List examples of heterogenous and homogenous mixtures.
- heterogenous mixture : citrus fruits, most rocks, mac and cheese
- homogenous mixture : Alloy ring, ammonia mixture, air (local air)
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
What is a solution? Give examples.
- a homogenous mixture in which one component is present in a much larger amount than the other component(s)
- cup of tea, coffee, car cleaner, alloys, air
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture :
(A) oxygen gas
(B) ocean water
(C) blueberry muffin
(D) table salt
(A) oxygen gas : PURE SUBSTANCE
(B) ocean water : MIXTURE
(C) blueberry muffin : MIXTURE
(D) table salt : PURE SUBSTANCE
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures)
Identify each of the following as a homogenous or heterogenous mixture :
(A) sweetened tea
(B) fruit salad
(C) tap water
(D) noodle soup
(A) sweetened tea : HOMOGENOUS
(B) fruit salad : HETEROGENOUS
(C) tap water : HOMOGENOUS
(D) noodle soup : HETEROGENOUS
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures) Which is an example of a pure substance? (A) gasoline (B) ocean water (C) glucose (D) air
ANSWER
(C) glucose
(Matter Part 1 : Pure Substances and Mixtures) Which is an example of a solution? (A) muddy water (B) sports drink (C) gelatin with fruit (D) caramel popcorn
ANSWER
(B) sports drink
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter)
Explain the differences between solids, liquids, and gases.
- solid : a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume.
- liquid : a state of matter that has a definite volume, but no definite shape
- gas : a state of matter that has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter)
Describe how adding heat to a substance affects the motion and arrangement of the particles
- causes the molecules to move/vibrate quickly
- further heating causes the particles in the liquid to move with such high amplitude vibrations that the attractions they have cannot hold them together
- then they separate from one another forming gas
- melting and evaporating can occur
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter)
Describe how removing heat from a substance affects the motion and arrangement of the particles.
- slower particles move, lower temperature, lower kinetic energy
- eventually can freeze liquid
- condensation and freezing can occur
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter)
What happens to the arrangement of water molecules when it melts and freezes? How is this different that what would normally happen when a substance other than water gets colder and becomes a solid?
- water (melts) : molecules begun to move around more and more and start to spread out, more dense
- water (freeze) : molecules slow down and become more compacted, less dense
- substance other than water (melts) : becomes less dense
- substance other than water (freeze) : becomes more dense
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter) Which phases changes require an input of heat energy? (A) melting and freezing (B) melting and evaporation (C) freezing and evaporation (D) evaporation and condensation
ANSWER
(B) melting and evaporation
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter)
Water freezing is different from most other liquids freezing because :
(A) water molecules break down when they freeze
(B) water freezes at a lower temperature than if melts
(C) water molecules are further apart in the solid than in the liquid
(D) water can freeze only if it is under high pressure
ANSWER
(C) water molecules are further apart in the solid than in the liquid
(Matter Part 2 : Phases of Matter) To make tea, a person puts a pot of water on the stove. As the water absorbs the heat from the stove, what happens to the water molecules? (A) They gain kinetic energy (B) They bond tightly together (C) They move more slowly (D) They become less densely packed
ANSWER(S)
(A) They gain kinetic energy
(D) They become less densely packed
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
What are elements?
- substance up of only one kind of atom.
- about 115 elements
- examples : iron, gold, iodine, sulfur, lead
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
What are nucleons?
- a proton or neutron
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
What is the difference between atomic number and mass number of an atom?
- atomic number : the number of protons in an atom, determines element (kinda like a social security number)
- mass number of an atom : the number of protons and neutrons in an atom, can vary from atom to atom
- example an atom has 7 protons, 5 neutrons, and 7 electrons, what is the mass number? Answer = 12, specifically, nitrogen-12
what is the atomic number = 7 which is Nitrogen on the periodic table
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
atom
- the smallest particle of an element
- building blocks of matter
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
proton
- located in the atomic nucleus
- +1 charge, positively charged
- large mass (1 amu)
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
neutron
- located in the atomic nucleus
- no charge, electrically neutral
- large mass (1 amu)
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
electron
- located outside of the atomic nucleus
- -1 charge, negative charge
- bound to electron cloud surrounding the outside of the nucleus
- tiny mass (0 amu)
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
An element’s atomic number is 14. What does this mean?
(A) Atoms of the element contain 14 neutrons.
(B) Atoms of the element contain 14 protons.
(C) Atoms of the element have a total of 14 protons and neutrons.
(D) Atoms of the element have a mass of 14 amu.
ANSWER
(B) Atoms of the element contain 14 protons
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
Which atom has a mass number of 10?
(A) an atom with 14 protons and 4 neutrons
(B) an atom with 10 protons and 10 neutrons
(C) an atom with 6 protons and 4 neutrons
(D) an atom with 8 protons and 10 neutrons
ANSWER
(C) an atom with 6 protons and 4 neutrons
(Matter Part 3 : Atomic Structure)
Which atom has the greatest total mass?
(A) an atom with 5 protons and 4 neutrons
(B) an atom with 12 protons and 10 neutrons
(C) and atom with 8 protons and 8 neutrons
(D) an atom with 11 protons and 12 neutrons
ANSWER
(D) an atom with 11 protons and 12 neutrons
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
How can you determine the overall charge of an atom if you know the number of protons and the number of electrons?
- in a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
In an electrically neutral atom, what must be true if the number of protons and electrons?
- same number of protons and electrons
- +1 charges and -1 charges cancel each other out to create neutral
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
Explain, using a diagram, the shell model of the atom.
- SEE PAPER
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
What are valance electrons? Label them in your diagram.
- an electron in the outermost electron shell of an atom
- determine properties of an element
- stable valence electron is 8 valence electrons
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
Which atom is electrically neutral?
(A) an atom with 14 protons and 4 electrons
(B) an atom with 10 protons and 10 electrons
(C) an atom with 4 protons and 8 electrons
(D) an atom with 10 protons and 11 electrons
ANSWER
(B) an atom with 10 protons and 10 electrons
(Matter Part 4 : Electrons in Atoms)
Which atom has a charge of +2?
(A) an atom with 12 protons and 10 electrons
(B) an atom with 10 protons and 12 electrons
(C) an atom with 12 protons and 12 electrons
(D) an atom with 2 protons and 2 electrons
ANSWER
(A) an atom with 12 protons and 10 electrons
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
How are the three isotopes of hydrogen (H) (hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2, and hydrogen-3) different from one another?
- hydrogen-1 : 1 proton, 0 neutron (protium)
- hydrogen-2 : 1 proton, 1 neutron (deuterium)
- hydrogen-3 : 1 proton, 2 neutrons (tritium)
- all have the same atomic number
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
How do the chemical and physical properties of isotopes of the same element compare?
- chemical properties : same chemical properties
- physical properties : same physical properties
- same reactions
- same compounds
- same number of valence electrons
- different mass number
- may differ in radioactivity
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
How can you determine the number of neutrons in an isotope if you know the atomic number?
- subtract the atomic number from the mass number
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
How does an atom of carbon-14 (14C) differ from an atom of carbon-12 (12C)?
- carbon-14 has 8 neutrons
- carbon-12 has 6 neutrons
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
isotope
- atoms of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons
- same atomic number, different mass numbers
(Matter Part 5 : Isotopes)
Chlorine (Cl) has two common isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. How are they different?
(A) They have different number of protons.
(B) They have different mass numbers.
(C) They react with different elements.
(D) They boil at different temperatures.
ANSWER
(B) They have different mass numbers.
(Matter Part 6 : Periodic Table)
Where on the periodic table are metals, nonmetals, and metalloids located?
- metals : left and middle of the periodic table
- nonmetals : top right corner of the periodic table
- metalloids : diagonal in between the metals and nonmetals