Module 14.1 - Health Psychology Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Module 14.1 - Health Psychology Deck (77)
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1
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the early 1900s?

A

influenza, pneumona, tuberculosis, measles, and other contagious diseases

2
Q

what were the most common causes of death in the 2000s?

A

tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity and inactivity

3
Q

health psychologists

A

researchers who study both the positive and negative effects that humans behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival and well-being

4
Q

___% of all deaths in Canada over the past decade were due to smoking-related illnesses

A

21%

5
Q

life expectancies are __-__ shorter for smokers

A

7-14

6
Q

tobacco use causes an estimated ______ deaths worldwide each year

A

5 million

7
Q

4 factors leading to smoking

A

1) family members who smoke
2) culture
3) impulsive personality characteristics
4) socioeconomic status

8
Q

using psychology to reduce smoking

A
  • bans on smoking in restaurants and many public places
  • steep taxes
  • warning labels
9
Q

negative consequences associated with obesity

A

cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis (degeneration of bone an cartilage material), and some forms of cancer

10
Q

obesity rates in western countries in 1978 = ___

A

14%

11
Q

obesity rates in western

countries in 2007 = ____

A

24%

12
Q

4 obesity causes that aren’t your fault.

A
  • antibiotics given to livestock to fatten them up, and us up
  • livestock are given drugs to fatten them up
  • some antibiotics and artificial sweeteners found in products can lead to obesity
    some artificial sweeteners slow metabolism
13
Q

set point

A

a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level

14
Q

sedentary lifestyle

A

watching tv was correlated with obesity

15
Q

social factors associated with obesity

A
  • family
  • food advertisements
  • branding food packages with licensed characters increases 4-6 year olds taste preferences and snack selection
16
Q

appetite supressants alone rarely help people permanently lose weight. several other factors influence weight loss such as?

A
  • other genes and body chemicals
  • hormones that regulate hunger
  • receptors in nose, mouth and stomach regulate eating
  • cognitive factors such as conditioning
17
Q

_____ have one of the highest rates of obesity in the world

A

pima indians

18
Q

____ have higher rates of obesity (and type II diabetes) than other Canadians

A

Inuit

19
Q

poverty is associated with reduced control over ones environment because of what 6 factors

A

1) increased risk of heart disease
2) increased rates of depression and anxiety
3) increased stress levels
4) poorer nutrition
5) reduced control over health care options
6) fewer educational opportunities

20
Q

social contagion

A

the often subtle, unintentional spreading of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

21
Q

stress

A

a psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed existing resources to meet those demands

22
Q

stressors

A

an event, item, or experience that causes a stress response

23
Q

the process of stress

A

1) stressors
2) stress mediators
3) stress responses

24
Q

appraisal

A

the cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event

25
Q

6 common stressors

A

1) work-related problems
2) environment
3) bereavement and loss
4) poverty, powerlessness, and racism
5) recent immigration
6) relationships

26
Q

3 measures of stress

A

1) physiological measures
2) social measures
3) psychological measures

27
Q

physiological measures of stress

A

sweating, heart rate, blood pressure

28
Q

galvanic responses

A

sweating

29
Q

social measures

A

statistics about violent acts, divorce rates, number of career changes

30
Q

psychological measures

A

daily “stress diaries” and/or surveys

31
Q

micro stressors or daily hassles

A

“irritating, frustrating, and distressing demands that, to some degree characterize everyday transactions with the environment”

32
Q

____ can improve performance

A

stress

33
Q

fight or flight respose

A

a set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

34
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

a theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion

35
Q

alarm

A

recognition of the threat and the physiological reactions that accompany it including increases in blood pressure, muscle tension, heart rate and adrenaline release

36
Q

resistance

A

when an individual uses his or her physical and mental resources to respond to the stressor in an appropriate way

37
Q

exhaustion

A

when the stressful experience depletes your physical rsources and you r physiological stress response declines

38
Q

what does exhaustion lead to?

A

physical problems and eventually to illness

39
Q

two stress pathways

A

1) autonomic nervous system (ANS)

2) Hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

40
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic branch of the ANS leads to many of our fight or flight responses

41
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis

A

a neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (the hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands)

42
Q

oxytocin

A

a stress-snesitve hormone that is typically associated with maternal boning and social relationships

43
Q

_____ reduces activity in the SNS

A

oxytocin

44
Q

acute stress

A
  • enhances immunity
  • increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • dependent on adrenal secretion
45
Q

chronic stress

A
  • suppresses immunity
  • reduced number of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • increased HPA activity
  • increases the severity of common illnesses
46
Q

psychoneuromimmunology

A

the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

47
Q

_______ inhibits activity in the amygdala and prevents the release of both adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol

A

oxytocin

48
Q

vasopressin

A

a hormone controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland that also affects the levels of stress hormones released by the adrenal gland

49
Q

coronary heart disease

A

a condition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supplies the heart with blood and oxygen, resulting in restricted blood flow

50
Q

______ also influences energy levels and fat storage

A

stess

51
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

patients who have elevated activity of the autonomic nervous sytem are slower to respond to antiretroviral therapies

52
Q

cancer

A

hormones from the autonomic nervous system stimulate cells that reside in tumours

53
Q

type A personality

A

people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are early angered, competitive and highly motivated

54
Q

type B personality

A

people whoa re more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing, and relaxed disposition

55
Q

in the 1950s, doctors noted that people with type __ personalities tended to develop coronary (heart) problems earlier than type __ personalities

A

A, B

56
Q

coping

A

the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict

57
Q

2 types of coping

A

1) problem focused coping

2) emotion focused coping

58
Q

positive psychology

A

uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential

59
Q

4 resources of positive psychology

A

1) intellectual resources
2) physical resources
3) social resources
4) psychological resources

60
Q

optimism

A

the tendency to have a favourable, constructive view on situations and to expect positive outcomes

61
Q

pessimism

A

the tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes

62
Q

pessimistic explanatory style

A

negative, internal and stable

63
Q

gallows humour

A

finding humour in seemingly negative situations

- common amongst medical personnel, the armed forces, and police

64
Q

resilience

A

the ability to effectively recover from illness and adversity

65
Q

post-traumatic growth

A

the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative events

66
Q

biofeedback

A

a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily rsponses

67
Q

mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)

A

a structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation

68
Q

what is the primary goal of MBSR

A

to help people to cope and to relax by increasing the link between ones body and ones mind

69
Q

what do meditation studies show?

A

greater left PFC activity in response to negative mood induction

70
Q

brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

A

a protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth and the formation of new synapses

71
Q

what does intense exercise lead to?

A
  • increased levels of dopamine
  • increased levels of epinephrine
  • brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF)
72
Q

true or false: individuals can tolerate numerous stressors, if they feel like they have control over them

A

true

73
Q

learned helplessness

A

an acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances

74
Q

______ determines if stressors are controllable

A

VMPFC

75
Q

____________ responds to stressors

A

Dorsal Raphe nucleus (DRN)

76
Q

_______ creates anxiety

A

randomness

77
Q

compensatory control

A

psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised