Module 1 : Basic Characteristics of Microorganisms Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Module 1 : Basic Characteristics of Microorganisms Deck (74)
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1
Q

What are the two general characteristics of an Endospore?

A

1) Highly resistant, dehydrated form, resistant to environmental effects
2) Metabolically dormant- One spore germinates to form one vegetative cell

2
Q

What composes an Endospore?

A

Concentrated, dehydrated, densely packed nucleic acids and metabolic proteins within a thick spore coat

3
Q

What is an Endospores function?

A

survivability in extreme environments, maintain viability for years

4
Q

Define a Capsule’s composition and function

A

Composition: Polysaccharides

Function:

  • Resistant to Phagocytosis
  • “Hides” surface antigens
  • Assists in attachment
5
Q

What is material composes a bacterial flagellum?

A

Proteins

6
Q

What is the function of the bacterial flagellum?

A

Motility- propelling/locomotion

Chemotaxis/Phototaxis

7
Q

How do spirochetes move?

A

By the means of axial filaments through the “spring” resulting in a corkscrew motion

8
Q

What is the compositon of a bacterial fimbriae?

A

Short, thin, threadlike glycoprotein strands protruding from the cell

9
Q

Define Saprophyte

A

An organism which utilizes non-living organic matter

10
Q

Define Parasite

A

an organism which lives in or on a host organism

11
Q

Define Fastidious

A

Organism that have specific requirements for nutrients which they cannot synthesize

12
Q

Define nutrients in the context of growing bacteria

A

growth supporting substance (ie. Food Substance)

13
Q

Define Bacterial Cultivation

A

Growth of particular microorganisms/under controlled conditions

14
Q

Explain Aerobic Oxygen utilization

A

Bacteria require atmospheric oxygen (21%)

15
Q

Define Microaerophilic

A

Bacteria that requires reduced oxygen concentration (5-10%)

16
Q

Define Anaerobic

A

Bacteria that require an absence of oxygen

17
Q

Define Facltative

A

Can grow with or without oxygen

18
Q

Explain 4 Optimal Environmental Needs of Bacteria

A

Temp: 35 C
pH: 6.8-7.4
Humidity: 60-80%
CO2: some require 5-7%

19
Q

Define Culture Media

A

The material in/on which bacteria grow in the laboratory

20
Q

How long does it take for one cell to divide into two?

A

30-60 Min for most

15-30 Hrs for some

21
Q

How long does it typically take to grow a colony of bacteria?

A

15-48hrs for most

22
Q

How do we define a colony of bacteria?

A

1-3mm diameter

Smooth, Shiny, Butter

23
Q

What are the 3 Cell Characteristics of “Atypical” Bacteria?

A

1) Some Obligate, Intracellular parasites
2) Modified cell wall structures
3) Complicated or modified reproductive method

24
Q

What type of cell is a Fungi?

A

Eucaryotic

25
Q

What are the two main Fungi Cell Morphology and Structure?

A

Yeast and Mould

26
Q

Explain the 5 Characteristics of Yeast

A

1) Single Cell
2) Oval or Spherical
3) Reproduce by Budding
4) 4-15um diameter
5) Smooth, Shiny

27
Q

Define Hyphae

A

Multicellular long filamentous cells that branch and intertwine

28
Q

How does Mould reproduce?

A

Reproductive Hypae: Produce spores

29
Q

How long does it take to grow a Yeast colony?

A

2-5 Days

30
Q

How long does it take to grow a Mould colony?

A

5-21 Days

31
Q

Name the 5 Classifications of Microorganisms and their cell type

A

1) Parasitic Worms - Eucaryotic
2) Protozoa/Algae- Eucaryotic
3) Fungi- Eucaryotic
4) Bacteria- Procaryotic
5) Viruses-

32
Q

What is a Procaryotic cell type?

A

Single cell organisms without a formed nucleus or organelles

33
Q

What is the typical size of the typical bacteria?

A

0.5-0.8um in diameter

1-6um in length/ most 1-2um

34
Q

What is cell morphology?

A

External appearance of the cell, colony, other item

35
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical shape

36
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod/Cylindrical

37
Q

Define Pleomorphic

A

Can have various distinct forms

38
Q

Coryneform

A

Club Shaped

39
Q

Spirochete/Spirilum Shape

A

spiral or corkscrew

40
Q

Explain the 2 Composition Characteristics of the Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

1) Phospholipid Bilayer- hydrophilic heads/hydrophobic tails which affect movement accross the membrane
2) Proteins- Porins create channels and other create enzymes

41
Q

What are the four functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

A

1) Selective Permeability
2) Energy Production
3) Synthesis/Transportation of Peptidoglycogen/Teichoic acids/outer membrane components
4) Secretion of Extracellular hydrolitic enzymes

42
Q

Explain the 3 Cell Wall Functions

A

1) Provide Shape/Rigidity
2) Protection from Env./microbial agnts
3) Attachment site (Antibodies/Antigens)

43
Q

What are three parts of a Gram-Positive Cell Wall?

A

1) Peptidoglycogen (60-80%)
2) Alternating NAG-NAM with peptide connections
3) Teichoic Acids

44
Q

What three molecules compose the “outer membrane” of the Gram-negative cell wall?

A

Lipoproteins, Lipopolysaccharides, phospholipids

45
Q

What are 3 components of the Gram-Negative Cell Wall?

A

1) Peptidoglycogen (10-20%)
2) Lipoprotein Layer creates a Periplasmic Space
3) Has an Outer membrane whihc hosts the “O” Antigen and Lipid A endotoxin molecule

46
Q

Describe the 3 main descriptors of viruses

A

1) Obligate, intracellular
- Takes contol of host cell
- Requires metabolic process of living cell to replicate
2) Contains either DNA/RNA
3) Unaffected by Antibiotics

47
Q

What is the typical virus size?

A

18 to 300nm

48
Q

What is a viron?

A

Fully Developed virus particle

49
Q

What is contained in a virus core?

A

Nucleuic Acid (DNA/RNA)

50
Q

Describe the two structures of the capsid

A

Helical: Molecules are closely aligned to helical shape of nucleuic acid

Icosahederal- Similar to soccer ball, pentagalon sides

51
Q

Purpose and Compositon of Capsid

A

1) Contain/Protect Nucleic acid
2) Proteins serve as antigens to attachment site

(Protein)

52
Q

What are two Components of a Envelope?

A

Lipid Bilayer (from host cell or nuclear membrane

Glycoproteins: site for attachment/antigen

53
Q

What are 3 functions of a Envelope?

A

Bilayer provides protection from environment/Site of attachement to host cell/Proteins serve as antigens during infection and antibody attachment

54
Q

What makes up the “head’ of the virus?

A

Core, Capsid

55
Q

What are the three components of the tail?

A

Sheath, Tail Fibers, Base with Enzymatic pins

56
Q

Describe the composition and purpose of the tail fibers

A

Mainly protein with Polysaccharide Tips (Carbohydrate) which help attachment to host

57
Q

Describe the Sheath

A

Column of protein connecting head to base/Re configures into a tube once attached

58
Q

What does the mRNA go to when injected into the host to begin its replication or lytic cycle?

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

For Laboratory cultivation how long does it take to isolate and identify a virus

A

2 days to 4 weeks depending on the virus

60
Q

What kind of cell type is a protozoa?

A

Eucaryotic

61
Q

Are protazoa a single celled organism with intacellular organelles?

A

Yes

62
Q

How are Protozoa types identified?

A

Their specific locomotion

63
Q

Amoebae

A

Moves by Pseudopodia (false foot)

64
Q

Flagellates

A

Move by flagella

65
Q

Ciliates

A

Move by Cilia

66
Q

Apicomplexans

A

(Sporazoans) non-motile in their mature forms

67
Q

General size of protozoa?

A

2um to 1mm

68
Q

What are the two basick morphological stages of protozoa?

A

Trophozoite

Cystic Stage

69
Q

Explain the Trophozoite Stage

A

1) Active, vegetative, motile, feeding stage

2) Responsible for most pathological conditions in host

70
Q

Explain the Cystic Stage

A

1) Dormant, nonmotile, non-feeding

2) Cyst wall, resilient to environment

71
Q

What are the characteritics of Helminths?

A

Eucaryotic, Multicellular simple body systems

72
Q

Describe the 4 characteritics of Trematodes (Fluke)

A

1) 1 Body, leaf like
2) Size: 500um to 60mm
3) Partial Alimentary Tract
4) Monoecious

73
Q

Describe the 4 characteristics of Cestodes (Tapeworms)

A

1) Segmented body parts
2) 2mm-12 meters
3) No Alimentary Tract
4) Monoecious

74
Q

Describe Aschelminthes

A

1) Cylindrical- wrinkled
2) 300um to 1 meter
3) Complete alimentary tract
4) Dioecious