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History of Medicine (c1250 - present day) > Modern Day > Flashcards

Modern Day Flashcards

c1900 - present day

1
Q

What had Robert Koch done by the start of the 1900s?

A

His work had made the belief of germs universal and people began searching for deeper causes of diseases eg causes connected to the “pathways of the body”

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2
Q

What did Archibald Garrod theorise?

A

In 1902 he theorised that hereditary diseases are caused by missing information in the body’s chemical pathways

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3
Q

What and when was the work of Rosalind Franklin?

A

1951 she photographed DNA

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4
Q

What and when was the work of James Watson and Francis Crick?

A

1953 Watson and Crick published a paper proving understanding of its structure meaning that DNA causing hereditary diseases could be explored

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5
Q

When was the launch of the Human Genome Project?

A

1990

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6
Q

When was the mapping of the Human Genome completed and what was the effect?

A

2000
Scientists could use the blueprint of a human’s DNA to look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases

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7
Q

What Medieval hunch was proven to be correct with scientific evidence?

A

The importance of diet and exercise

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8
Q

What are 4 common technologies used for diagnosis of disease in the 21st century?

A
  • MRI scans
  • ultrasound scans
  • x-rays
  • blood tests
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9
Q

When were blood tests first used?

A

1930s

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10
Q

What is the purpose of blood tests?

A

to test for an enormous number of conditions without the need for invasive diagnosis methods

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11
Q

When were MRI scans first used?

A

1970s

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12
Q

How do MRI scans detect disease or injury?

A

They use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body.

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13
Q

What are MRI scans best suited to detect?

A

Soft tissue injuries such as ligament damage

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14
Q

When were X-Rays first used?

A

1890s

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15
Q

What is the purpose of X-Rays?

A

to see inside the body without cutting into it

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16
Q

When were ultrasound scans first used?

A

1940s

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17
Q

How do ultrasound scans detect faults?

A

They use sound waves to build up a picture inside of the body

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18
Q

What are ultrasounds useful for diagnosing?

A
  • Gallstones
  • Kidney stones
  • Also useful in pregnancies
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19
Q

How did the government change during the modern world?

A

They took a more active role in supporting the public health of the population

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20
Q

What was the importance of Paul Ehrlich?

A

Led the research team that discovered the first chemical cure, Salvarsan 606 in 1909 that cured syphilis

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21
Q

What was the importance of Alexander Fleming?

A

discovered mould that killed the germ staphylococcus in 1928

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22
Q

What was the importance of Howard Florey and Ernst Chain?

A

They took Fleming’s research and investigated further, discovering penicillin could kill infections inside the body. They gained US support for mass production of the drug

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23
Q

When was prontosil discovered and what was it?

A

1932, it cured blood poisoning

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24
Q

What was the first true antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

25
Q

What were 3 examples of vaccinations introduced in the 20th century?

A

1940s - diphtheria
1950s - whooping cough
1960s - tetanus

26
Q

What is a primary example of access to care improving in the 20th century?

A

The NHS being set up in 1948

27
Q

What happened to apothecaries in the 20th century?

A

Became less mainstream- growth and understanding of chemical cures meant that the creation of treatments became the work of scientists

28
Q

What happened to hospitals in the 20th century?

A

Became cleaner, more sophisticated and more high tech because of the acceptance of aseptic procedures, better science, technology and better training of staff

29
Q

By what date were NHS hospitals throughout the UK?

A

By the 1960s

30
Q

Name 3 examples of new types of surgery in the modern world?

A

Microsurgery
Keyhole surgery
Robotic surgery

31
Q

What did microsurgery make possible and why?

A

first kidney transplant
first lung transplant
first heart transplant
because it is needed to reattach tiny nerve endings and blood vessels

32
Q

What is keyhole surgery?

A

Where tiny cameras and narrow surgical instruments allow surgeons to operate and make incisions from some distance away

33
Q

What are the advantages to keyhole surgery?

A

They lead to less trauma and quicker healing times

34
Q

When do surgeons use robotic surgery?

A

When precision is of total importance eg brain surgeries

35
Q

Define a welfare state

A

When the government commits to fully taking care of the health of the people

36
Q

When did britain become a welfare state?

A

The middle of the 20th century

37
Q

When and what were the 2 Public Health Acts of the 1900s?

A

1936- Sewage needed to be purified before pumped into streams / rivers
1961 - Councils had to improve rented houses if landlords weren’t looking after them

38
Q

What was the importance of William Beveridge?

A

He wrote a report in 1942 that inspired the creation of the NHS and welfare state

39
Q

What were the factors influencing the speed of change in the 20th century?

A

War

Attitudes in society

40
Q

Which wars affected the speed of change in the 1900s?

A

1902 Boer War
1918 Aftermath of WW1
1945 Aftermath of WW2

41
Q

How did the Boer War affect change?

A

Soldiers couldn’t be recruited because of malnutrition

42
Q

How did the aftermath of WW1 affect change?

A

Lots of soldiers returned injured and sick lead to campaigns forcing the government to provide more shelter and funding for those who could no longer work

43
Q

How did the aftermath of WW2 affect change?

A

The destruction of Britain led to Labour being voted in who promised big spendings on healthcare by the government

44
Q

How did attitudes in society change during WW2?

A

The blitz spirit continues after the war and rich people felt it was their duty to do practical things for those in need, including supporting the welfare state and NHS

45
Q

What specific government action was put in place in 1907?

A

School medical inspections to monitor diseases

46
Q

What were the clean air acts triggered by?

A

Bad outbreaks of smog in London in 1950s

47
Q

What were the 2 new approaches to the prevention of disease in the modern world?

A

Legislations and lifestyle advice

48
Q

Name 3 examples of legislations put in place in the modern world

A
  • clean air acts
  • limiting car emissions
  • smoking in public places ban (2007)
49
Q

Name 2 examples of lifestyle advice introduced in the modern world

A
  • advertising against smoking, binge drinking, unprotected sex and drug use
  • change 4 life
50
Q

What is the change4life campaign?

A

A campaign encouraging people to eat healthier

51
Q

What percent of people with lung cancer smoke?

A

85%

52
Q

Name 4 examples of science and technology that have been useful in the fight against lung cancer in the 20th century?

A
  • transplants
  • chemotherapy
  • radiotherapy
  • genetic research
53
Q

Define chemotherapy

A

flooding the body with chemicals in order to kill harmful cells

54
Q

Define radiotherapy

A

Concentrated waves of radiation that interrupt the growth of tumours

55
Q

How has the government tried to influence and change smoking behaviours over time?

A
  • 1960s, ban on TV adverts on cigarettes
  • 2005, ban on cigarette advertising
  • 2007, smoking in public places ban
  • 2007, legal age of buying tobacco raised to 18
  • gradual increase on taxes on tobacco
  • putting pictures of diseased lungs on packets
  • 2012, ban on displaying cigarettes in shops
56
Q

What are the 5 factors that influenced the rapid change in the modern world?

A
  • science
  • technology
  • attitudes in society
  • war
  • government
57
Q

How has technology influenced the rapid change in the modern world?

A

Better machinery has allowed better diagnosis, treatment and preventions of illness

58
Q

How have attitudes in society influenced the rapid change in the modern world?

A

An attitude has developed that we all have a social responsibility to provide the best quality medicine for people as opposed to the previous attitude that the ill were to be pitied

History of Medicine (c1250 - present day) (6 decks)

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