Midterm II Review

Question 1

How does the recommendation for pantothenic acid vary during pregnancy?

Answer 1

• The AI increases because the intake of pregnant women is higher
• However, the requirement does not increase

Question 2

Which factor demonstrates that there is no additional phosphorus requirement during pregnancy?

Answer 2

Likely due to the 10% increase in phosphorus absorption in the intestine during pregnancy

Question 3

Which minerals does lactalbumin supply?

Answer 3

Calcium and zinc

Question 4

Which minerals does alkaline phosphatase supply?

Answer 4

Zinc and magnesium

Question 5

What are the two major proteins in human milk?

Answer 5

• Serum albumin

- IgA

Question 6

Why is soy milk protein not recommended for infant consumption?

Answer 6

• Lower bioavailability of minerals (zinc, calcium, iron), as phytic acid complexes with these minerals, which prevents their absorption
• Decreased calcium and phosphorus retention
• Decreased bone density

Question 7

How does colostrum provide protective effects against milk allergies?

Answer 7

• Infants have leaky junctions within their GI tract, which allows antigens to pass through
• Colostrum hastens the closure of leaky junctions

Question 8

How does pre-term milk compare to term milk?

Answer 8

• Pre-term milk is higher in energy, protein, sodium and chloride
• Pre-term milk is lower in lactose

Question 9

What is the effect of smoking in breast milk?

Answer 9

Decreases milk volume

Question 10

What is galactosemia?

Answer 10

• Rare autosomal recessive disorder
• Causes a deficiency in 1-P-uridyl transferase
• Infants with galactosemia may not consume breast milk

Question 11

What are the effects of botulinum spores in children?

Answer 11

• Decreased feeding
• Weakness
• Respiratory distress
• Constipation

Question 12

Children consuming a low-fat diet are at an increased risk of which micronutrient deficiencies?

Answer 12

• Calcium
• Zinc
• Vitamin A
• Riboflavin

Question 13

What characteristics allow for the differential diagnosis of feeding problems?

Answer 13

• No weight gain or weight loss for over a month
• No underlying medical or mental conditions
• Not lacking available food
• Condition emerges before 6th birthday

Question 14

Give three examples of foods that should be introduced upon the beginning of the weaning period.

Answer 14

• Mashed potatoes
• Mashed vegetables
• Diced bananas
• Soft, mashed table food

Question 15

Give three examples of foods that should be introduced upon the development of palmar grasp.

Answer 15

• Dried toast
• Teething biscuits
• Cheese sticks
• Finger feeding (large pieces of food)

Question 16

Give three examples of foods that should be introduced upon the development of voluntary release (refined digital grasp).

Answer 16

• Cottage cheese
• Dry cereal
• Peas
• Finger feeding (small pieces of food)

Question 17

Give three examples of foods that should be introduced upon the development of the rotary chewing pattern.

Answer 17

• Chopped meats
• Potatoes
• Macaroni
• More textured foods from the family menu

Question 18

Give three examples of foods that should be introduced upon the beginning of self-feeding.

Answer 18

• Applesauce
• Oatmeal
• Mashed potatoes
• Food that can be scooped with a spoon

Question 19

Give an example of foods that should be introduced upon the ulnar deviation of the wrist.

Answer 19

Raw vegetables and fruits

Question 20

Give an example of foods that should be available when an infant is walking alone.

Answer 20

Food of high-nutrient value

Question 21

Name 4 effects associated with maternal iron deficiency anemia.

Answer 21

• Low-birth weight infants
• Maternal perinatal mortality
• Infant perinatal mortality
• Pre-term birth

Question 22

How does pantothenic acid vary during pregnancy?

Answer 22

• The AI increases

- BUT, not because of increased requirement

Question 23

Name 5 reasons why breastfeeding is nutritionally superior to formula or cow’s milk.

Answer 23

1) Non-protein nitrogen
2) Whey to casein ratio
3) Calcium to phosphate ratio
4) Palmitate
5) Taurine

Question 24

Name 3 milk feeding risks.

Answer 24

1) Microwaving
2) Nursing bottle syndrome
3) Underdilution of formula

Question 25

What are the three age groups for dietary fat intake in children?

Answer 25

1) Preschool and childhood
2) Early adolescence
3) Once linear growth has stopped

Question 26

Name 5 practices that should be adopted in infants to prevent infant feeding issues.

Answer 26

1) Serve small portions
2) Avoid distractions
3) Don’t serve dessert until done
4) Allow the child to have choices
5) Serve in a relaxed manner

Question 27

What are issues with providing infants with goat’s milk during their first year of life?

Answer 27

1) Increased solute load and protein
2) Low calcium to phosphorus ratio
3) Deficient in vitamin B6, B9, and B12