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Critical Thinking Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The three criteria for evaluating an argument are

A

Acceptability
Relevance
Sufficiency

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2
Q

Which best describes critical thinking?

A

The careful application of reason in the determination of whether a claim is true

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3
Q

What is a premise?

A

The claim offered as a reason for believing another claim

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4
Q

What is an opinion?

A

A view or judgement formed about something not necessarily based on fact or knowledge

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5
Q

What is a belief?

A

The acceptance of a truth value concerning a statement/claim-namely, whether it is or is not the case

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6
Q

What is a statement, claim, or assertion?

A

The things we say aloud or in writing to covey information the t

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7
Q

The premise to an argument is acceptable on the basis of testimony if:

A

You learn the premise from a trustworthy person who is in a position to know whether the premise is true

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8
Q

A premise to an argument is relevant to that arguments conclusion if

A

The truth of the premise counts in favor of the arguments conclusion

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9
Q

The premise of an argument are sufficient if:

A

The premises taken together give a strong enough reason to accept the conclusion

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10
Q

An argument in which the conclusion can not be false, if the premises are true

A

A deductive argument

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11
Q

An argument in which the conclusion is held to be improbable, if the premises are true

A

An inductive argument

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12
Q

A defect in an argument that consists in something other than merely false premises

A

A fallacy

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13
Q

What is a philosophical argument?

A

Offering a set of reasons or evidence in support of a conclusion

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14
Q

Aristotle’s belied THAt “a statement cannot be at the same time and in the same regard both true and false” is called

A

The law of non contradiction

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15
Q

An argument is cogent if

A

The acceptable relevant premises are sufficient to support the conclusion

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16
Q

An argument is valid if

A

It is impossible for the premises to be true while the conclusion is false

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17
Q

W.k. Clifffords assertion that “it is wrong always everywhere and for anyone to believe anything on in insufficient evidence,” is associated with what idea?

A

Epistemic responsibility

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18
Q

What does Patrick stones maintain is wrong with saying “I’m entitled to my opinion”

A

It creates a false equivalence between experts and non experts

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19
Q

Why did Clifford maintain that “there is no such thing as private belief”

A

Because beliefs determine actions

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20
Q

The branch of philosophy concerned with the formal rules governing reason and argumentation

A

Logic

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21
Q

What is the main difference between an argument and explanation?

A

Explanations merely seek to inform whereas arguments seek to persuade

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22
Q

WhT is the basis for determining the relative weakness of strength of an argument?

A

The amount of support the premises provide for the conclusion

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23
Q

Judgments concerning the matter of taste or ethical determinations are frequently said to be what

A

Value judgments

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24
Q

An argument that proceeds from our knowledge of the last to s claim about the future

A

A prediction

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25
Q

An argument which depends upon the existence of some similarity between two things or states of affaire

A

An argument of analogy

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26
Q

An argument which proceeds from the knowledge of a cause to a claim about its supposed effects

A

A casual inference

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27
Q

Word which carry strong emotive value or associative power

A

Dysphemisms

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28
Q

The discipline or practice frequently referred to as the art of persuasion

A

Rhetoric

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29
Q

Common tendencies which can negatively effect an arguments clarity

A

Vagueness, ambiguity, generality, and failure to properly define terms

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30
Q

The fallacy of sljding from one meaning of a term to another in the middle of an argument. Using an ambiguous term in more that one sense, thus making an argument misleading

A

Equivocation

31
Q

A person who stands to gain something from our belief in a claim is know as

A

Interested party

32
Q

A person who stands to gain nothing from our belief in a claim is known as

A

A disinterested party

33
Q

Tools of persuasion used to influence an audiences or individuals perception of certain information

A

Rhetorical devices

34
Q

When a mild or indirect word or expression is substituted for a term considered too direct, blunt, harsh, unpleasant, embarrassing etc, the speaker is using

A

Euphemism

35
Q

Reduction of a group of people to some essentializing category usually negative

A

Stereotype

36
Q

A subtle way of getting a point across without explicitly saying the thing you wish to convey

A

Innuendo

37
Q

An attempt to make something less important than it is

A

Downplaying

38
Q

The attempt to delegitimize or downplay an individual or argument through mockery

A

Ridicule

39
Q

The exaggeration of something for dramatic or rhetorical effect on

A

Hyperbole

40
Q

When a new or old term is designated to mean something distinct within a specific context it is said to have

A

A stimulative definition

41
Q

When the emotions of anger hatred or rage are substituted for evidence in an argument with

A

Appeal to anger

42
Q

When a threat is issued by an argued towards their audience either explicitly or implicitly if they fail to agree with The argues conclusion

A

Argumentum ad baclum

Appeal to force

43
Q

When substituting pride of membership in a group got reason and deliberation in arriving at a position on an issue

A

The groupthink fallacy

44
Q

When the argues attacks the person rather than that person argument

A

Argument against the person

45
Q

A form of ad hominem fallacy that occurs when is us asshned that an argument is wrong if the source making the claim has itself spoken or acted in a way inconsistent of.

A

Tu quoque

You also

46
Q

The fallacy that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it

A

Appeal to popularity

47
Q

The fallacy of distorting weakening or oversimplifying someone’s position so that is can be more easily attacked or refuted

A

The straw man fallacy

48
Q

The fallacy of arguing a claim must be true bc it has not been proven false

A

Appeal to ignorance

49
Q

The fallacy of deliberately raising an irrelevant issue during an argument as a diversion or distraction from the main topic

A

Red herring fallacy

50
Q

The error of thinking that devious events can affect the probabilities in the random event under consideration

A

The gamblers fallacy

51
Q

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about a target group based upon inadequate sample size

A

Hasty generalization

52
Q

The fallacy that the soundness of an argument stands or falls on the identity of the arguer

A

Appeal to identity

53
Q

The fallacy of pre-providing information which will create a bias against the speaker before they have a chance to offer their argument

A

Positioning the well

54
Q

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true because it is part of tradition

A

Appeal to common practice

Argumentum ad antiquitatem

55
Q

The fallacy of citing a source whose credibility is in question

A

Argumentum as verecundian

Appeal to unqualified authority

56
Q

The fallacy of claiming that a moderate or sensible action will inevitably lead to an extreme action, therefore the moderate action should not be taken

A

The fallacy of slippery slope

57
Q

The fallacy of presenting an argument which relies upon a questionable or insufficiently similar comparison between two things or situations

A

The fallacy of weak analogy

58
Q

A fallacy involving circular reasoning wherein the conclusion to the argument is assumed or stated in one or more of the premises

A

Petitio principii

Begging the question

59
Q

The fallacy of presenting two scenarios-one desirable and one undesirable-as if they are the only alternatives available

A

False dichotomy

False dilemma

60
Q

The term describes the weight of evidence or argument required by one side in a debate or disagreement

A

Burden of proof

61
Q

A form of reasoning which moves from a premise or premises about a state of affairs to an inference to the best explanation for that state of affairs

A

Abduction

62
Q

The whole collection of individuals under a study

A

Target group

63
Q

The observed member of a target group in an observational study

A

A sample

64
Q

A sample that is selected randomly from a target group in such a way as to ensure that the sample is representative

A

Random sample

65
Q

A sample that resembles the target group in all relevant ways

A

Representative sample

66
Q

A condition for the occurrence of an event without which the event cannot occur

A

Necessary conditions

67
Q

A condition for the occurrence of an event that guarantees that the event occurs

A

Sufficient condition

68
Q

The fallacy that states “since event Y followed event X, event Y must have been caused by event X”

A

Post hoc ego prompter hoc

Post hoc fallacy

69
Q

The fallacy wherein somebody applies standards, principles and or rules to others, while making onseself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria, without providing adequate justification. “Double standard” or “moving the goalpost”

A

Special pleading

70
Q

The tendency for individuals to seek out or favor information that supports their established beliefs or opionions, while correspondingly disregarding or avoiding Info that does not support their belief structure

A

Confirmation bias

71
Q

The fallacy that states if I cannot imagine how it could be true, it must therefore be false

A

Argument from incredulity

72
Q

When somebody maintains a hasty generalization by simply excluding a counterexample from that generalization

A

No true Scotsman fallacy

73
Q

The fallacy of dismissing an argument or complaint due to existence of more information problems In the world, regardless of whether those problems bear relevance to the intial argument

A

The fallacy of relative privation

74
Q

A form of argument which attempts either to disprove by showing it inevitably leads to a ridiculous, absurd or impractical conclusion or to prove one by showing that if it were not true the result would be absurd or impossible

A

Reductio as absurdum

Reduction to absurdity

Critical Thinking Midterm (4 decks)

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