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NBDE part 1 > Microbiology/Immunology > Flashcards

Microbiology/Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

almost all bacteria except … and … have strong cell walls

A

mycoplasma

archaeobacteria

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2
Q

which have a peptidoglycan layer? prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

… has an innate resistance to penicillin

A

mycoplasma

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4
Q

gram positive bacteria has a … layer made of …

A

thick peptidoglycan

teichoic acid

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5
Q

gram negative bacteria has a …. layer and a … layer that contains …

A

thin peptidoglycan
thick outer
porins/LPS/endotoxin

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6
Q

gram positive stains ….

gram negative stains ….

A

purple

red

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7
Q

antibiotics are most effective at what stage in the bacterial life cycle?

A

log

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8
Q

most bacteria undergo …. which is a form of asexual reproduction that occurs in these 3 stages:

A

binary fission

Initiation - elongation
C period- chromosome replicates
D (division)

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9
Q

… is effective at killing spores

A

ethylene oxide

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10
Q

gram positive rods can form … with no metabolic activity if nutrients are limited

A

endospores

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11
Q

clostridium botulinum and bacillus anthracis are both … forming bacteria

A

spore

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12
Q

staph aureus is a gram …. and is it positive or negative for catalase and coagulase?

A

positive cocci

++

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13
Q

staph epidermidis is a gram …. and is it positive or negative for catalase and coagulase?

A

positive cocci

catalase +
coagulase -

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14
Q

all strep are catalase …

A

negative

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15
Q

streptococcus comprise a large proportion of the

A

oral microflora

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16
Q

streptococci are classified by

A

hemolysis

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17
Q

… has been isolated from cases of infective endocarditis

A

streptococcus mutans

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18
Q

streptococcus is gram

A

positive

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19
Q

streptococcus mutans can change or mutate … surface

A

enamel

(dextran) major contributor to plaque

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20
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae can cause…

A

meningitis

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21
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae is gram … and catalase…

A

positive

negative

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22
Q

…. are gram positive rods that are highly acidic and acid tolerant and associated with advanced caries lesions and carious dentin

A

lactobacillus

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23
Q

how can you tell the diff between staph and strep in culture tests?

A

catalase test (staph are + and strep are -)

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24
Q

how can you tell staph species apart?

A

coagulase test (aureus is + and rest are -)

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25
Q

bacillus anthracis is gram … and forms … and causes … in humans

A

positive
spores
anthrax

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26
Q

clostridium are gram … and they form …

they are motile except for … which causes gas gangrene

A

positive
spores

C. perfingens

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27
Q

… is a gram positive rod that is not motile and does not form spores

A

corynebacterium diptheriae

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28
Q

…. is a gram negative rod which produces blue/green pigment and is common in burn victims and immunocompromised patients

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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29
Q

… is a gram negative bacteria that is implicated in an aggressive form of periodontitis in adolescents. has been reclassified as ….

A

actinobacillus actinomycetecomitans

aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans

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30
Q

which bacteria are associated with chocolate agar?

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

Neisseria Gonorrhea

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31
Q

which bacteria is a common cause of infection in children?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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32
Q

Haemophilus is a gram … rod that can cause meningitis

A

negative

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33
Q

… is isolated mainly from subgingival sites, especially in advanced perio lesions in diabetics

A

Porphyromonas gingivalis

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34
Q

…. is associated with hormone-induced periodontal disease in pregnancy

A

Prevotella intermedia

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35
Q

… is a gram negative diplococci that can be passed on to infants as they descend thru the birth canal

A

neisseria gonorrhea

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36
Q

what gram positive bacteria causes meningitis?

what gram negative bacteria causes meningitis?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

neisseria meningitidis

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37
Q

bacteria that causes whooping cough?

A

bordatella pertussis (gram negative cocci)

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38
Q

is E. coli encapsulated?

A

no

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39
Q

3 bacteria that can cause pneumonia

A

streptococcus
klebsiella
mycoplasa

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40
Q

… is an anaerobic rod that causes oral/facial abscesses with sulfur granules

A

actinomycetes

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41
Q

acid-fast means they contain what in their cell wall?

A

waxes and lipids

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42
Q

TB causes … necrosis and … inflammation

A

caseous

granulomatous

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43
Q

… are spiral-shaped bacteria with axial filaments

A

spirochetes

44
Q

… causes syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

45
Q

which stage of syphilis is very contagious

A

2nd

46
Q

condyloma lata appears in … syphilis

A

secondary

47
Q

is tertiary syphilis contagious?

A

no

48
Q

Tabes dorsalis (syphilitic myelopathy) is seen in …. syphilis

A

tertiary

49
Q

hutchinsons incisors and mulbery molars are assoc. with …

A

congenital syphilis

50
Q

leading cause of opthalmia neonatorum?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

51
Q

2 obligate intracellular parasites

A

chlamydia trachomatis

rickettsia

52
Q

… causes Rocky mountain Spotted fever through tick bites

A

rickettsia

53
Q

mycoplasma does NOT have a

A

cell wall

54
Q

mycoplasma is resistant to … and … because they affect cell walls and this bacteria does not have a cell wall

A

penicillins

cephalosporins

55
Q

does sterilization get rid of spores?

A

yes

56
Q

autoclave is what temp? and how long?

A 
121 C (250 F)
15 minutes
57
Q

dry heat is what temp? and how long?

A 
160 C (320 F)
2 hours
58
Q

phenol is an example of a … technique and it causes protein denaturation

A

disinfection

59
Q

does disinfection get rid of spores

A

not always

60
Q

DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus EXCEPT for

A

poxvirus

61
Q

RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm EXCEPT for

A

HIV (retroviruses)

influenza virus

62
Q

adenovirus is a non-enveloped, …. virus that causes …. and …

A

double stranded DNA

pneumonia
viral pharyngitis

63
Q

is herpes a DNA or RNA virus

A

double stranded DNA

64
Q

… causes chickenpox and shingles

A

varicella zoster virus

65
Q

… causes mono and oral hairy leukoplakia

A

Epstein-Barr virus

66
Q

… is the leading cause of blindness in AIDS

A

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

67
Q

… causes molluscum contagiosum

A

Poxvirus

68
Q

… is an RNA virus that causes hand foot and mouth disease

A

coxsackie

69
Q

Mad cow disease is a … disease that causes progressive brain degeneration and death

A

prion

70
Q

whats the main fuel source for fungi

A

glycogen

71
Q

what culture media is used to grow fungi

A

sabourauds agar

72
Q

yeast is … and mold is …

A

unicellular

mulicellular

73
Q

yeast can reproduce … and form spores

A

asexually and sexually

74
Q

candida albicans is the largest proportion of fungal microflora in the mouth and can cause … in immunocompromised patients

A

oral thrush

75
Q

mucor causes fungal infection in …

A

diabetics

76
Q

… is heart shaped with flagella and two nuclei with large karyosomes

A

giardia

77
Q

…. can be from uncooked meat or cat litter

A

toxoplasmosis gondii

78
Q

toxoplasmosis gondii can be acquired or congenital, congenital can lead to

A

mental retardation

79
Q

cephalosporins and penicillins attack

A

transpeptidase (holds cell wall together)

80
Q

bacitracin attacks

A

peptidoglycan/mucopeptides (cell wall)

81
Q

doxycycline is prescribed for

A

chlamydia

82
Q

tetracycline is contraindicated in

A

children and pregnancy

83
Q

safest drugs for pregnancy

A

macrolides

erythromycin, azithromycin

84
Q

… is the first step of the inflammatory pathway and converts phosphatidol inositol (membrane phospholipid) to arachiodonic acid

A

Phospholipase A2

85
Q

what inhibits PLA2?

A

steroids

plaquenil

86
Q

arachiodonic acid can either produce … or ….

A

leukotrienes

prostaglandins / thromboxanes

87
Q

…. synthesizes prostaglandins and thromboxanes that induce platelet aggregation

A

Cyclooxygenase 1

88
Q

COX 1 protects

A

the stomach

89
Q

NSAIDs are … inhibitors

A

COX 1 and COX2

90
Q

aspirin is a …. cox1 and cox2 inhibitor

A

irreversible

91
Q

…. is an NSAID that selectively blocks cox2 so it helps to protect the gastric mucosa and limits bleeding effects

A

celecoxib

92
Q 
which is most antigenic? 
proteins
nucleic acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
A

proteins

93
Q 
which is not phagocytic?
neutrophils
basophils 
eosinophils
kuppfer cells
A

basophils

94
Q

the Fab region contains … and … chains and is where the antigen/antibody complex binds

A

light

heavy

95
Q

The Fc region is … and only has …. chains and where complement proteins bind

A

constant

heavy

96
Q

all of the following are part of nonspecific immunity except

interferons
natural killer cells
complement pathway
killer T cells

A

killer T cells

97
Q

what distinguishes a viral infection from other microbial insults

A

interferon production

98
Q

what does complement pathway do?

A

chemotaxis- C5A
opsonization
permeability
degranulation

99
Q

what are the 2 pathways of complement and which antibodies are involved with each

A

classic - IgG IgM

alternative- IgA

100
Q

helper T cell (CD4) when activated releases …. which initiates B cell to make antibodies and it also activates … and …

A

IL-2

T memory

T killer cells

101
Q

which cell is involved in tissue transplant rejection?

A

T killer (CD8)

102
Q

T helper is CD..

and matches with MHC

A

4

2

103
Q

T killer is CD…

and matches with MHC

A

8

1

104
Q

what type of immunity is tetanus antitoxin

A

artificial passive

105
Q

what type of immunity is tetanus toxoid

A

artificial active

106
Q

hapten, think …

A 
type 4 hypersensitivity
T lymphocyte (killer)
107
Q

natural killer cells do not require

A

an APC

NBDE part 1 (9 decks)

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